Natural Hazard Mitigation : Epic Passage from Baja to Siberia

List of Figures and Tables xi(4) Preface xv Part I Coping with Floods, Earthquakes, and Hurricanes: U.S. Hazard Mitigation Policy 3(100) 1. Mitigating Natural Hazards: A National Challenge 3(24) Importance of Natural Hazard Mitigation 4(2) Box 1.1 Record Natural Disasters of the 1990s 6(4) Natural Hazard Mitigation Policy Framework 10(2) Box 1.2 The National Mitigation Strategy: Partnerships for Building Safer Communities 12(5) Assessing the Effectiveness of Hazard Mitigation 17(5) Structure of the Book 22(1) Notes 23(1) References 23(4) 2. Evolving Mitigation Policy Directions 27(76) History and Evolution of Mitigation and Disaster Assistance Policy 27(11) Critically Assessing the Current Framework 38(16) Recent Legislative and Policy Development Activity 54(11) Major Trends in Mitigation Policy; Common Themes in the Debate 65(14) Conclusions 79(1) Notes 79(2) References 81(22) Part II Mitigation in Action: Six Disaster Cases 103(224) 3. Florida After Hurricane Andrew 103(58) The Hurricane Event 103(1) Damage Costs from Andrew 104(2) A Vulnerable South Florida 106(3) The Pre-Andrew Planning and Mitigation Framework 109(5) Response and Recovery from the Storm 114(1) Mitigation Activities and Opportunities 115(16) Key Policy Issues Emerging After the Storm 131(16) Recent Initiatives and Future Directions in Florida 147(4) Conclusions and Recommendations 151(3) Florida Update 154(3) Note 157(1) References 157(2) Persons Interviewed 159(2) 4. Missouri After Midwest Floods of 1993 161(32) The Disaster Events 161(2) Missouri's 1994 Section 409 Plan 163(2) Missouri's Hazard Mitigation Planning and Implementation Process 165(4) Results 169(11) Conclusions and Recommendations 180(10) 1997 Update 190(1) Notes 191(1) References 192(1) Persons Interviewed 192(1) 5. Iowa After the Midwest Floods of 1993 193(38) The Disaster Events 193(1) Iowa's Section 409 Plan 194(2) Iowa's Hazard Mitigation Planning and Implementation Process 196(8) Results 204(10) Conclusions and Recommendations 214(11) 1997 Update 225(2) Acknowledgments 227(1) Note 227(1) References 227(1) Persons Interviewed 228(3) 6. California After the Loma Prieta and Northridge Earthquakes 231(46) Two Earthquake Disasters 231(5) California's Section 409 Plan 236(3) California's Earthquake Mitigation Planning and Implementation Process 239(7) Influences on Recovery and Mitigation 246(13) Results 259(8) Issues 267(3) Conclusions and Recommendations 270(3) Acknowledgments 273(1) Note 273(1) References 273(1) Persons Interviewed 274(3) 7. Massachusetts After Hurricane Bob and Other Storms 277(22) The Disaster Events 277(2) Massachusetts's 1993 Section 409 Plan 279(2) Massachusetts's Hazard Mitigation Planning and Implementation Process 281(7) Results 288(3) Conclusions and Recommendations 291(4) Note 295(1) References 296(1) Persons Interviewed 296(3) 8. Tennessee After a Series of Floods and Storms 299(28) The Disaster Events 299(1) Tennessee's 1994 Section 409 Plan 300(1) Tennessee's Hazard Mitigation Planning and Implementation Process 301(6) Results 307(6) Conclusions and Recommendations 313(5) 1997 Update 318(2) Note 320(1) References 320(1) Persons Interviewed 320(7) Part III Assessing the National Mitigation System 327(152) 9. State Hazard Mitigation Plans: Falling Short of Their Potential 327(66) Collecting and Evaluating the Plans: Study Methodology 328(4) Question One: Are the Requirements of the Stafford Act Being Met? 332(5) Question Two: What Are the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Plans? 337(26) Summary of Problems with Most State Hazard Mitigation Plans 363(2) Recommendations for Making Better State Hazard Mitigation Plans 365(4) Note 369(1) References 369(1) Appendix 9.A: Section 409 Plan Collection 370(3) Appendix 9.B: Guide for Describing and Evaluating Section 409 Plans 373(20) 10. The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program: Scattered Spending 393(60) The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) 393(1) Building a Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Funding Database 394(1) Section 404 Program Expenditure Patterns, 1988-1995 395(30) Policy Implications 425(6) Reinventing the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program 431(3) References 434(1) Appendix 10.A: Summary of HMGP Applications and Funding for All Declared Disasters by Disaster Type, 11/24/88-4/21/95 (FEMA-818-DR-NC--FEMA-1047-DR-AL) 435(13) Appendix 10.B: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Project Categories and Subcategories 448 Notes 434 11. State Implementation of Natural Disaster Mitigation Policy: A Flawed System 453(26) The Stafford Act Framework 454(1) Conceptual Framework of an Intergovernmental System for Mitigation Planning 455(2) Assessing Linkages: Analytic Methods 457(3) Findings 460(12) Implications for Reforming Natural Disaster Mitigation Policy 472(1) Notes 473(1) References 474(5) Part IV Recasting the National Mitigation System 479(74) 12. Ethical Guidelines for Hazard Mitigation 479(46) Understanding Mitigation Ethics 479(1) Ethical Roles and Responsibilities 480(15) Competing Values in Mitigation 495(11) Fairness in Mitigation 506(8) Ethical Aspects of Mitigation Analyses 514(2) Guidelines for Ethical Mitigation 516(6) Notes 522(1) References 523(2) 13. Natural Hazard Mitigation: Planning for Sustainable Communities 525(28) Sustainable Communities: The New Vision for Natural Hazard Mitigation 525(3) Breaking Through to Sustainbility: Summary of Recommendations 528(1) Reforming the Intergovernmental Mitigation System 528(8) Reforming Mitigation Policy 536(8) Reforming Mitigation Practice 544(5) Conclusion: Creating a Supportive Climate for Mitigation 549(1) Postscript 550(1) References 551(2) About the Authors 553(4) Index 557