Nature Embodied - Gesture in Ancient Rome

List of Illustrations ix List of Abbreviations xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction Gesture as a Cultural System 1(11) Participatory Gestures in Roman Religious Ritual and Medicine 12(29) Physicality of Words 15(5) Hands 20(4) Romans and Earth 24(2) Physicality of Prayer 26(7) Physicality of Cures 33(4) Conclusion 37(4) The Power of Thumbs 41(26) Textual Appearances 42(9) Visual Representations 51(11) The Sign for the Deathblow in the Arena 62(2) A Riddle 64(1) Conclusion 65(2) Blood, Milk, and Tears: The Gestures of Mourning Women 67(40) Gendered Funerals 68(2) Gendered Gestures 70(2) Greek and Etruscan Mourning Gestures 72(3) Legal Evidence 75(2) Roman Mourning Gestures 77(7) Women as Scapegoats 84(1) Woman's Work 85(4) Roman Death Ritual as Double-Birth 89(1) First Funeral 90(5) Second Funeral 95(5) Milk as Nurture for an Adult 100(5) Conclusion 105(2) Political Movement: Walking and Ideology in Republican Rome 107(33) Philosophy in Action 108(3) Body Movement and Political Competition 111(3) Movement in Oratory and Philosophy 114(3) Movement in Daily Life 117(1) Incessus in Cicero 118(2) Cinaedi and Elite Politicians 120(4) Enforcement 124(13) Conclusion 137(3) Face Facts: Facial Expression and the New Political Order in Tacitus 140(29) Gesture as Metaphor 140(4) The Politics of the Face 144(2) Eye-Movement in Roman Antiquity 146(1) Aspectus in Republican Tradition 147(4) The Decline of Rhetoric as the Decline of Physical Representation 151(6) Aspectus as Appearance 157(8) Conclusion: Tiberius and the New World Order 165(4) Bibliography 169(18) Index Locorum 187(11) General Index 198