Nonviolent Action : A Research Guide

Preface and Acknowledgments xiii(2) Introduction xv(18) How to Use This Book xxxiii(4) Author's Note xxxvii Part I: Cases of Nonviolent Struggle 3(488) Chapter 1: Africa and the Middle East 5(60) Section I: Africa South of the Sahara 5(41) Ghana 11(1) Kenya 12(1) Nigeria 13(2) Women's War of 1929 and Other Women's Protests 13(1) Labor 14(1) South Africa 15(26) Struggles Against the Racial System 15(6) Gandhi-led Struggles, 1906-1914 21(1) Mass Action and Defiance, 1948-1960 22(3) From Sharpeville to Soweto and After,1960-1990 25(5) Churches 30(1) International Relations 31(6) Women's Struggles 37(2) Labor Under Apartheid 39(2) Zambia 41(2) Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia) 43(3) Economic Sanctions 43(3) Section II: North Africa and the Middle East 46(19) Arab League Boycott of Israel 47(2) OPEC Oil Boycott (Embargo), 1973 49(2) Egypt 51(1) Iran 51(3) Tobacco Boycott and Revolution, 1891-1909 52(1) Revolution Against the Shah, 1979-1980 53(1) Israel 54(2) Palestine 56(1) General Strike, 1936 56(2) Illegal Immigration of Jews During British Mandate, 1944-1948 58(2) Palestinians and the Intifadah, 1967-1992 60(5) Chapter 2: The Americas 65(180) Section I: Latin America and the Caribbean 65(26) Political and Social Conflict and Repression 65(5) Labor and Peasant Movements 70(4) Bolivia 74(1) Brazil 75(6) Anti-Slavery Movement 75(1) Political Conflicts Before 1964 76(1) Military Rule, 1964-1985 77(4) Chile 81(6) Opposition to the Allende Government, 1972-1973 81(4) Opposition to the Military Regime After 1973 85(2) El Salvador 87(1) Guatemala 88(1) Civic Strike, 1944 88(1) Other Conflicts 89(1) Mexico 89(2) Section II: Canada and the United States 91(154) Canada 91(11) Labor 91(7) Winnipeg General Strike, 1919 96(2) Other Conflicts 98(4) Doukhobors 101(1) United States of America 102(53) History and Interpretation 104(4) Quaker "Invasion" of Massachusetts 108(2) American Colonial Resistance and the Independence Movement, 1765-1775 110(4) Embargo and Nonintercourse, 1807-1812 114(1) Cherokee Resistance to Removal, 1827-1841 115(3) Antislavery Movements and Abolitionism Before 1861 118(11) Dorr Rebellion, 1841-1842 129(1) Mormon Flight From Homes, 1858 130(2) Women's Suffrage Movement, 1848-1920 132(6) Opposition to War and Expansionism 138(5) Philippines War and Imperialism, 1898-1900 142(1) Conscientious Objection and Opposition to World War I 143(2) Interwar Conscientious Objection and Opposition to World War II 145(1) Opposition to War, 1945-1960 146(1) Movement Against the Vietnam War, 1963-1971 146(9) Labor 155(34) Nineteenth Century 163(6) Great Strike of 1877 166(1) Pullman Strike and Rail Boycotts of 1894 167(2) Twentieth Century 169(20) Industrial Workers of the World 174(3) Steel Strike of 1919 177(1) Sit-Down Strikes, 1930s 178(1) Professionals' Strikes 179(2) Agricultural Labor to 1960 181(3) Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers 184(3) General Strikes 187(2) Seattle, 1919 187(1) San Francisco, 1934 188(1) Terre Haute, 1935 189(1) Other Conflicts Before 1960 189(2) Anti-Nazi Boycott 189(1) Blacklisting in Entertainment 190(1) Struggle for Desegregation and Civil Rights 191(37) March on Washington Movement, 1941-1942 194(2) Civil Rights Movement 196(32) Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-1956 211(1) Sit-Ins and Freedom Rides, 1960-1962 212(2) Marches and Mass Protest, 1962-1964 214(2) Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964 216(2) Selma, Alabama, Voting Rights Campaign, 1965 218(1) Massive Resistance 219(2) Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) 221(7) Biography 221(4) Interpretation 225(2) Works 227(1) Other Movements and Conflicts Since 1960 228(17) Student Movements 232(7) Native Americans 239(1) Nazi-Skokie Controversy 240(1) Anti-Nuclear Power Movement 240(2) Nonviolent Opposition to Nuclear Weapons 242(3) Chapter 3: Asia and the Pacific 245(104) Australia 245(7) Labor 246(2) Environmental Movement 248(1) Green Bans 249(1) Anti-Vietnam War Movement 250(1) Queensland Civil Liberties Campaign 251(1) Burma 252(1) China 252(12) Before 1948 253(3) May Fourth Movement, 1919 254(2) After 1948 256(8) Democracy Movement, 1977-1981 257(3) Democracy Movement, 1988-89 260(4) India 264(56) Nonviolent Struggle in the National Movement 264(26) Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 266(2) Independence Struggle Before the Arrival of Gandhi 268(1) Independence Movement, 1907-1947 269(21) Gandhi's Return to India and Champaran Campaign 276(1) Rowlatt Bills Satyagraha and Champaigns to 1928 277(4) Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre, Amritsar, 1919 281(2) Simon Commission, Round Table Conferences, and Civil Disobedience, 1928-1933 283(4) From 1933 to Independence in 1947 287(3) Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948) 290(27) Analysis and Interpretation 291(10) Biography 301(7) Memoirs 308(1) Works 309(8) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890-1988) 317(1) Sarvodaya and Other Post-Gandhian Movements 318(2) Japan 320(6) Opposition to the Security Treaty of 1960 323(1) Environmental Conflict 324(1) Labor 325(1) Korea 326(6) Precolonial 327(1) Under Japanese Domination 328(3) Post-Independence 331(1) New Zealand (Aotearoa) 332(5) Maori Resistance and the Parihaka Movement 332(2) Recent Maori Politics 334(1) Conscientious Objection 334(1) Protest Against Sports with South African Teams 335(1) Labor and Agriculture 336(1) The Philippines 337(5) Revolution of 1986 337(5) Tibet 342(1) Western Samoa 342(2) Mau Movement Against New Zealand Mandate, 1919-1936 342(2) Vietnam 344(5) Opposition to South Vietnamese Government 344(3) Prison Camp Resistance in North Vietnam 347(2) Chapter 4: Europe 349(142) Opposition and Resistance to Nazi Occupation, 1939-1945 350(7) Jewish Resistance 353(3) Hiding and Rescue of Jews 356(1) Protest and Dissent Since 1945 357(2) Austria 359(1) Under Nazi Domination 359(1) The Baltics 360(2) Bulgaria 362(1) Saving of Bulgarian Jews 362(1) Czechoslovakia 363(9) German Rule, 1938-1945 363(1) Dubcek Period and Warsaw Pact Invasion, 1968-1969 364(5) Charter 77 Movement 369(3) Denmark 372(3) Occupation and Rescue of Danish Jews, 1939-1945 372(3) Finland 375(2) France 377(7) Algiers Generals' Putsch, 1961 380(1) Events of May 1968 381(3) Germany 384(15) Before 1945 384(3) World War I Mutinies 384(1) Kapp Putsch, 1920 385(1) Ruhrkampf, 1923 386(1) Opposition and Resistance to Nazism 387(8) Weisse Rose 394(1) Federal Republic of Germany 395(2) Green Movement 396(1) German Democratic Republic 397(2) East Berlin Uprising, 1953 397(1) 1980s and Berlin Wall 398(1) Great Britain 399(21) Before 1900 400(1) Women's Suffrage Movement 401(3) Soldiers' Protests, 1917-1919 404(1) Conscientious Objection and Inter-War Peace Movement 404(2) Labor 406(12) Nineteenth Century 407(2) Twentieth Century 409(9) General Strike, May 1926 410(5) Protests and Hunger Marches by the Unemployed 415(1) Labor Since 1945 415(3) Miners' Strike of 1984 417(1) Political Protest and Conflict Since 1945 418(2) Hungary 420(5) Revolution of 1848 and Movements Against Austrian Rule, 1848-1867 420(1) Rescue of Hungarian Jews, 1944-1945 421(1) Revolution, 1956-1957 422(3) Ireland 425(6) Land League Era 426(3) Nationalism and Republicanism Before 1919 429(2) Ireland, Northern 431(8) Civil Rights Campaign and People's Democracy, 1967-1972 434(2) General Strike of 1974 436(1) Peace People and Campaign Against Political Violence 437(1) Prison Protests and Hunger Strikes of 1980-81 437(2) Italy 439(2) Resistance to Fascism and War 440(1) The Netherlands 441(3) Nazi Occupation, 1940-1945 441(3) Norway 444(3) Nazi Occupation and Fascist Rule, 1940-1945 444(3) Poland 447(18) Nazi Occupation and Fascist Rule, 1940-1945 447(1) Political and Labor Struggles Since 1956 448(5) 1980s 453(12) Solidarity, 1980-1981 455(7) Martial Law and After, 1981-1989 462(3) Rome, Ancient 465(1) Russia 466(25) Russian Revolution 467(9) Revolution of 1905-1906 468(6) Revolution of 1917, February-July 474(2) Political Opposition and Prison Camp Strikes 476(1) Political Dissent, 1960 to 1980s 477(14) Part II: Studies of Nonviolent Action and Related Fields 491(164) Chapter 5: Methods and Dynamics of Nonviolent Action 493(102) Section I: Methods of Nonviolent Action 493(54) Methods of Protest and Persuasion 494(11) Symbols and Statements 495(3) Music, Song, and Theater 498(4) Assemblies, Marches, and Processions 502(3) Methods of Noncooperation 505(36) Methods of Social Noncooperation 506(2) Sports Boycotts 507(1) Methods of Economic Noncooperation 508(20) International Economic Sanctions 511(6) Strikes 517(9) Slow-Downs 525(1) General Strikes 526(2) Methods of Political Noncooperation 528(13) Civil Disobedience 528(9) Sanctuary 537(2) Noncooperation in Government and Military 539(2) Methods of Nonviolent Intervention 541(1) Psychological Intervention 541(1) Fasts and Hunger Strikes 541(1) Physical Intervention 542(5) Encampments 543(1) Sit-ins and Occupations 544(1) Blockades and Voyages of Intervention 544(3) Section II: Dynamics of Nonviolent Action 547(37) Technique and Concepts of Nonviolent Action 547(19) Technique of Nonviolent Action 549(9) Concepts and Studies of Nonviolent Action 558(8) Preparations for Nonviolent Struggle 566(5) Manuals and Handbooks 567(1) Organizing and Community Organizations 568(2) Training 570(1) Legal Aspects of Nonviolent Action 571(4) Applications of Nonviolent Struggle 575(9) Civilian-Based Defense 577(5) Nonviolent Revolution 582(2) Section III: Pacifism, Principle, and War 584(11) Pacifism and Principled Nonviolence 584(11) War Resistance and Peace 588(1) Conscientious Objection 589(2) Historic Peace Churches 591(4) Chapter 6: Theory and Research on Conflict, Power, and Violence 595(60) Section I: Conflict and its Dynamics 595(8) Section II: Political Power 603(12) Power and Sanctions 608(1) Power, Sanctions, and the State 609(2) Obligation, Persuasion, and Control 611(4) Section III: Political Violence 615(15) Aggression and Violence 625(3) Genocide and Mass Violence 628(2) Section IV: Collective Action 630(25) Collective Action and Social Movements 631(8) Leadership 639(1) Conflict Resolution 640(4) Peace Movements 644(2) Resistance and Revolution 646(9) Seizure of Power 652(3) Subject Index 655(35) Author Index 690