Organizing America - Wealth, Power and the Origins of Corporate Capitalism

Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1(21) Some Central Concepts 3(9) Density and concentration 3(1) Size and small-firm networks 4(2) Organizations or capitalism 6(1) Noneconomic organizations 7(1) Power 8(1) Culture and other shapers of society 9(1) Organizations as the independent variable 10(2) What Do Organizations Do? 12(4) What Kind of Organizations? 16(1) Alternative Theories 17(2) Conclusion 19(3) Preparing the Ground 22(26) Communities, Markets, Hierarchies, and Networks 22(9) Community 23(2) The market direction 25(3) Toward hierarchy and networks 28(3) The Legal Revolution that Launched Organizations 31(9) Fear of corporations 33(2) What organizations need to be able to do 35(1) Making capitalism corporate 36(4) Capitalism to Corporate Capitalism 40(3) Lawyers: ``The Shock Troops of Capitalism'' 43(5) Toward Hierarchy: The Mills of Manayunk 48(17) Getting the Factory Going: The Role of Labor Control 48(5) The first mill -- a workhouse 50(1) To mechanize or not? 51(2) Social Consequences 53(5) Labor Policies and Strikes 58(2) Organizations and Religion 60(1) From Working Classes to a Working Class 61(2) The politics of class 62(1) Conclusion 63(2) Toward Hierarchy and Networks 65(31) Lowell and the Boston Associates 65(10) Wage dependence and labor control 65(2) Lowell I: The benign phase 67(2) Profits and market control 69(1) Lowell II: The exploitive phase 70(5) Explaining the First Modern Business 75(4) Structural constraints 77(2) The Slater Model 79(2) Toward Networks with the Philadelphia Model 81(7) When capital counts 82(2) Philadelphia's large mills 84(2) Size and technology 86(2) Networks of Firms 88(4) Labor conflict 90(1) Externalities 90(2) The Decline of Textile Firms 92(2) Summary 94(2) Railroads, the Second Big Business 96(64) Railroads in France, Britain, and the United States: The Organizational Logic 102(11) France 104(4) Britain 108(3) The importance of the railroads 111(2) Why Were the Railroads Unregulated and Privatized? 113(28) The efficiency argument 115(2) Historical institutionalism 117(5) Historical institutionalism assessed 122(1) The neoinstitutionalist account 123(4) The organization interest account 127(2) The details 129(10) Self-interested opposition to the railroads 139(2) Corruption Observed but Not Interpreted 141(16) Evidence from the public record, and the outcry 144(7) Scholars explain corruption 151(6) Summary and Conclusions 157(3) The Organizational Imprinting 160(57) Making the Railroads Work 160(13) Divisionalization 161(1) Finance takes charge 162(3) Inevitable, or a chance path? 165(1) Contracting out 166(7) Leadership Style and Worker Welfare 173(6) Work in general 175(4) Nationalization and Centralization: The Final Spike 179(7) Organizational versus political interpretations 180(3) Where did the money come from? 183(3) Regionalization versus Nationalization 186(9) The debate over the ethos 187(5) A political or an organizational interpretation of the struggle? 192(3) Was Regionalism Viable? 195(1) Concentrating Capital and Power 196(16) The corporate form triumphs 197(4) Explaining the arrival of the corporate form 201(3) An organizational agency account 204(8) Summary and Conclusions 212(5) Summary and Conclusions 217(12) Appendix Alternative Theories Where Organizations Are the Dependent Variable 229(8) Notes 237(6) Bibliography 243(8) Index 251