Pet and Pet-CT in Oncology

Part I: Basics Physical Principles, Dedicated/Coincidence-PET 3(6) S. Ziegler Physics Background 3(1) Detectors for PET 4(1) Tomograph Design 5(4) Dual-Modality PET/CT Acquisition Systems for Clinical Oncology 9(21) T. Beyer D. W. Townsend Adding Anatomical to Functional Information 9(2) Anato-metabolic Imaging: The Proof-of-principle for Dual-Modality Imaging 11(4) PET/CT Design Considerations: The Second Generation of PET/CT Tomographs 15(4) Experiences with Existing PET/CT Technology 19(6) Recent Developments and Trends for Tomorrow 25(5) Transport and Metabolism of Glucose and FDG 30(13) P. Oehr Biological Functions of Carbohydrate Metabolism 30(1) Metabolism of Glucose, 2-DG, 2-FDG and 3-FDG 31(2) FDG Uptake 33(10) Radiopharmaceutical Production and Safety of [18F]FDG 43(6) P. Oehr Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry of [18F]FDG 43(2) [18F]FDG Pharmacokinetics, Toxicity and Interactions 45(1) [18F]FDG Activity Dosages and Radiation Exposure 46(1) Conclusions 47(2) Image Fusion 49(10) U. Pietrzyk Introduction 49(1) Basic Remarks 49(1) Properties of PET, SPECT, CT and MR Images Relevant for Image Fusion 50(1) Technical Issues in Image Fusion 50(3) Image Fusion in Brain Imaging 53(1) Image Fusion Strategies for Extra-cranial Images 54(1) Combined Devices for Functional-Anatomical Imaging (PET/CT) 55(4) PET Scanner Quality Control 59(8) T.-G. Turkington Quality Control Issues 59(1) Basic Ring Function and the Sinogram 59(3) Impact of Malfunctioning Detectors 62(1) A Simple Daily Protocol 63(1) Quantitative Accuracy 63(1) Determining Whether or Not to Scan 64(3) Part II: Experimental Oncology Introduction to Experimental PET in Oncology 67(6) P. Oehr PET and Molecular Imaging 67(1) Assay Models for Experimental PET 67(4) Conclusions 71(2) PET in Cell Cultures: Oncology, Genetics, and Therapy 73(4) P. Oehr N. Gilbert H. Lemmoch M. Ludwig R. Wagner H. Schuller H. Rink Introduction 73(1) Material and Methods 73(1) Results 74(1) Discussion 74(1) Conclusion 75(2) Small-Animal PET in Oncology 77(10) M. Honer M. Bruhlmeier I. Novak-Hofer S. Ametamey Dedicated Small-Animal PET Cameras 77(2) Applications of Small-Animal PET in Oncology 79(8) Small-Animal PET in Neuro-oncology and Gene Therapy 87(14) A.H. Jacobs W.-D. Heiss Introduction 87(1) Gliomas - General and Molecular Aspects 87(1) Gene Therapy for Gliomas - Current Status and Future Perspectives 88(1) Small-Animal PET - Imaging of Endogenous Gene Expression for Characterization of Target Tissue 88(2) Small-Animal PET - Imaging of Expression of Exogenously Introduced Genes 90(4) Summary and Conclusion 94(7) Part III: Clinical Applications PET/CT: Clinical Considerations 101(12) A. Bockisch L. Freudenberg G. Antoch St. Muller Introduction 101(1) Present State and Use of PET/CT 102(1) Clinical Value of PET/CT at Present 102(3) Patient Selection and Clinical Protocols for PET/CT Scanning 105(1) Clinical Impact of PET/CT 105(8) Brain Tumors 113(14) T.-Z. Wong G.-J. Van Der Westhuizen R.-E. Coleman Incidence, Etiology, Epidemiology 113(1) Histopathological Classification 113(1) Imaging of Brain Tumors 114(1) FDG Pet Imaging of Brain Tumors 114(1) Indications for FDG PET Imaging of Brain Tumors 115(4) Other PET Tracers 119(2) Summary and Outlook 121(1) Technical Recommendations 121(6) Head and Neck Tumors 127(10) H. Bender H.-J. Straehler-Pohl Incidence, Etiology and Epidemiology 127(1) Histopathology 127(1) Conventional Diagnostic Procedures 128(1) Functional Imaging/FDG PET 129(4) Summary and Outlook 133(1) Technical Recommendations 134(3) Thyroid Carcinomas 137(12) F. Grunwald M. Diehl Clinical Background 137(1) Therapy 137(2) Use of FDG PET 139(5) Indications 144(1) Results and Interpretation 145(1) Limits of Interpretation 146(3) Lung Cancer 149(18) J.-F. Vansteenkiste S.S. Stroobants Incidence, Etiology and Epidemiology 149(1) Histopathological Classification 149(1) Conventional Diagnostic Procedures 150(3) Pet 153(5) Indications for PET - Practical Clinical Guidelines 158(2) New Tracer Developments 160(1) Summary and Outlook 161(1) Technical Recommendations 161(6) Breast Cancer 167(12) H. Palmedo Incidence and Epidemiology 167(1) Histopathological Classification, Pathology and Prognosis of Breast Cancer 167(1) Conventional Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment Strategies 168(3) PET in Breast Cancer 171(4) Indications 175(1) Technical Recommendations 176(3) Pancreatic Cancer 179(8) D. Delbeke Epidemiology and Histopathological Types 179(1) Conventional Diagnostic Imaging Modalities 179(1) FDG PET Imaging 180(3) FDG PET for Evaluation of Islet Cells and Other Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas 183(1) Summary 184(3) Gastro-Esophageal Cancer 187(16) P. Flamen L. Mortelmans Introduction 187(2) PET: Current Status 189(10) Indications of PET 199(1) New Tracer Developments 199(1) Summary 200(1) Technical Recommendations 200(3) Liver Cancer 203(10) J.-H. Risse Incidence, Etiology and Epidemiology 203(1) Histopathological Classification 203(1) Conventional Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment Strategies 204(1) PET: Current Status in Liver Cancer 205(4) Judgement of Indications of PET in Liver Cancer 209(1) New Tracer Developments 209(1) Summary and Outlook 209(1) Technical Recommendations 209(4) Colorectal Cancer 213(14) M. T. Kitapci R. E. Coleman Introduction 213(2) Diagnosis 215(1) FDG PET Imaging for Colorectal Cancer: Current State 216(7) Impact on Patient Management 223(1) Assessment of Prognosis and Cost-Effectiveness 223(1) Limitations 223(1) Summary 224(1) New Tracers 224(1) Technical Recommendations 224(3) Ovarian Cancer 227(10) M. Zimny Incidence, Etiology, Epidemiology 227(1) Histological Classification 227(1) Diagnosis and Treatment of Ovarian Cancer 227(1) Positron Emission Tomography 228(4) Summary 232(1) Technical Recommendations 232(5) Cancer of the Uterus 237(6) M.-J. Reinhardt Preface 237(1) Epidemiology 237(1) Pattern of Spread and Histology 237(1) Diagnosis, Staging and Prognostic Factors 237(1) Evidence for the Use of 18F FDG PET in the Management of Cervical Cancer 238(2) Technical Recommendations 240(1) Conclusion 240(3) PET in Bladder, Renal, and Prostate Cancer 243(8) M. Seltzer O. Shvarts Introduction 243(1) Bladder Cancer 243(1) Renal Cancer 244(1) Prostate Cancer 245(2) Summary 247(4) Testicular Tumors 251(8) P. Albers Incidence, Epidemiology and Clinical Diagnosis 251(1) Pathological Diagnosis and Classification 251(2) PET in Diagnosis and Treatment 253(3) Summary and Future Directions 256(3) Malignant Melanoma 259(8) P. Paquet R. Hustinx P. Rigo G. E. Pierard Introduction 259(1) Rationale for Using 18-FDG as a Radiotracer in Melanoma 260(1) Sensitivity and Specificity of 18-FDG-PET in Cutaneous Melanoma 261(1) FDG-PET Versus Conventional Imaging in Melanoma 262(1) Pitfalls of FDG-PET in Melanoma 263(1) FDG-PET in Ocular Melanoma 264(1) New Radiotracers for Melanoma 264(1) Conclusion 264(3) Malignant Lymphomas 267(8) C. Menzel Hodgkin's disease 267(3) Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma 270(5) Musculoskeletal Tumors 275(10) A. K. Buck H. Schirrmeister S.N. Reske Incidence, Etiology, Epidemiology 275(1) Histopathological Classification 276(1) Conventional Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment Strategies 277(1) Positron Emission Tomography 278(2) Judgement of Indications for FDG-PET 280(1) New Tracer Developments 281(1) Summary and Outlook 281(2) Technical Recommendations 283(2) Skeletal imaging with F-18 285(6) H. Palmedo Background 285(2) Conventional Screening for Bone Metastases 287(1) PET with F-18 Sodium Fluoride for Metastatic Bone Disease 287(2) Technical Recommendations 289(2) PET in Surgery 291(12) S. Yasuda K. Nakai M. Ide S. Kawada A. Shohtsu Introduction 291(1) Advantages of FDG-PET 291(1) Limitations of FDG-PET 291(1) Applications of FDG PET in Surgery 292(7) Summary 299(4) PET and Radiotherapy 303(6) Val J. Lowe Background 303(1) PET Before Radiation Therapy 303(1) PET During Radiation Therapy 303(1) Deoxygenation and PET 304(1) PET Imaging After Completion of Radiation Therapy 304(2) Diagnosing Recurrent Disease with PET 306(1) Timing of PET After Radiation Therapy 306(2) Summary 308(1) Cancer Screening with 18F FDG-PET 309(12) K. Nakai S. Yasuda M. Ide S. Kawada A. Shohtsu Background 309(1) Subjects and Methods 309(1) Results 309(1) Cancer Screening 310(10) Conclusions 320(1) Cost-Effectiveness Studies of PET in Oncology 321(18) K. A. Miles L. B. Connelly Introduction 321(1) Definitions 321(3) Techniques for Assessing Cost-Effectiveness 324(2) Cost-Effectiveness Studies of PET in Oncology 326(2) Translating the Results of Cost-Effectiveness Studies to Other Countries 328(1) Summary 329(2) Reimbursement (EU and USA) PET Reimbursement: Europe 331(4) M. Dietlein PET Reimbursement: United States 335(4) R. E. Coleman Ruth D. Tesar Subject Index 339