Plate Heat Exchangers : Design, Applications and Performance

Preface xi Chapter 1 Basic features and development of plate heat exchangers 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical background 2 1.3 Basic principle 5 1.4 General characteristics 6 Chapter 2 Construction and operation 11 2.1 Gasketed heat exchanger 11 2.1.1 Corrugated plate patterns 11 2.1.2 Geometrical characterization of chevron-type plates 15 2.2 Evolution of plate heat exchangers 17 2.2.1 Brazed plate heat exchanger 17 2.2.2 Semi-welded plate heat exchanger 18 2.2.3 Fully welded plate heat exchanger 19 2.2.4 Wide-gap plate heat exchanger 20 2.2.5 Double-wall plate heat exchangers 20 2.2.6 Diabon graphite plate heat exchanger 20 2.2.7 Minex plate heat exchanger 21 2.3 Operation and selection 22 Chapter 3 Industrial applications 27 3.1 Food processing 27 3.2 Air-conditioning and refrigeration systems 29 3.3 Service heating and cogeneration 30 3.4 Offshore gas and oil applications 31 3.5 Marine applications 32 3.6 Chemical processing 33 3.7 Pulp and paper industry applications 36 3.8 Solar energy applications 37 3.9 Closing remarks 38 Chapter 4 Materials and manufacturing 41 4.1 Plate material 41 4.2 Gasket material 43 4.3 Manufacturing 46 4.3.1 Plate-and-frame heat exchangers 47 4.3.2 Brazed heat exchangers 48 4.3.3 Semi-welded plate heat exchangers 48 4.3.4 Fully welded plate heat exchangers 49 Chapter 5 Basic design methods 51 5.1 Introduction 51 5.2 Basic energy balance and design equations 53 5.3 Thermal design methods 57 5.3.1 Logarithmic mean temperature difference method 58 5.3.2 The epsilon NTU method 60 5.3.3 The P NTU method 63 5.3.4 Sizing and rating procedure 63 5.4 Hydrodynamic design methods 65 5.5 Variable overall heat transfer coefficient 68 5.6 Thermal mixing 70 Chapter 6 Single- and multi-pass flow arrangement 77 6.1 Flow arrangement and distribution 77 6.1.1 Flow direction 77 6.1.2 Pass 77 6.1.3 Paths per pass 78 6.1.4 Distribution along port manifolds 79 6.1.5 Distribution inside channel 79 6.1.6 End plate 80 6.2 Pass arrangement classification 81 6.3 General thermal model 86 6.4 Performance comparison 89 6.4.1 End-plate effect 89 6.4.2 Passage arrangement and flow direction 90 6.4.3 Number of transfer units 93 6.4.4 Heat capacity flow rate ratio 93 6.5 Guidelines of pass selection 94 6.5.1 Best arrangement within individual arrangement category 94 6.5.2 Selecting best arrangement in all categories 97 6.6 Correction factors and effectiveness 98 Chapter 7 Thermal-hydraulic performance in single-phase flows 111 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Chevron-plate performance literature 113 7.3 Thermal-hydraulic characteristics 117 7.3.1 Single-phase convection in β= 0 plate channels 117 7.3.2 Single-phase convection in β= 90 plate channels 119 7.3.3 Single-phase convection in 0 less than β less than 90 plate channels 128 7.4 Heat transfer enhancement 133 Chapter 8 Thermal-hydraulic performance in condensers and evaporators 143 8.1 Flow patterns 144 8.2 Performance of plate condensers 149 8.2.1 Fundamental mechanism of condensation 149 8.2.2 Condensation heat transfer 152 8.2.3 Condensation pressure drop 158 8.3 Performance of plate evaporators 160 8.3.1 Fundamental mechanism of evaporation 161 8.3.2 Evaporation heat transfer 166 8.3.3 Evaporation pressure drop 173 Chapter 9 Fouling, corrosion, and erosion 181 9.1 Fouling 182 9.1.1 Basic consideration 182 9.1.2 Fundamental mechanism 184 9.1.3 Forms of fouling 187 9.1.4 Mitigation of fouling 193 9.1.5 Design of PHEs subject to fouling 195 9.2 Corrosion 196 9.2.1 Fundamental mechanism 197 9.2.2 Forms of corrosion 198 9.2.3 Control of corrosion 207 9.3 Erosion 208 Chapter 10 Extended design and operation issues 215 10.1 Flow distribution 215 10.1.1 Mathematical modelling 216 10.1.2 Typical results 220 10.2 Numerical prediction of performance 225 10.2.1 Problem statement 225 10.2.2 Mathematical modelling 226 10.2.3 Sample calculation 227 10.3 Multi-stream plate heat exchangers 230 10.3.1 Practical advantages 230 10.3.2 Design options 231 10.3.3 Thermal performance 232 10.4 Dynamic behaviour 234 10.5 Future developments 236 Appendix 243 Index 267