Police Technology

Foreword xii Part One Introduction to Theory and Basics Introduction to Police Technology 3(22) Learning Objectives 3(1) Introduction 3(2) Text Design 5(3) What Is Technology? 8(1) Why Examine Information Technology? 9(3) Tactical and Strategic Information 12(2) Efficiency and Effectiveness 14(3) Community Policing 17(4) Situational Crime Prevention 21(1) Fragmentation 21(1) Chapter Summary 22(1) Discussion Questions 22(1) Key Terms 23(1) End Notes 23(2) Computer Basics 25(22) Learning Objectives 25(1) Introduction 25(1) Hardware 26(6) Inside the Computer 32(4) Long-Term Information Storage Hardware 36(3) Software 39(2) Databases 41(2) Other Computer Configurations and Necessary Concepts 43(1) Chapter Summary 44(1) Key Terms 44(1) End Notes 45(2) Wireless Communications 47(26) Learning Objectives 47(1) Why Study Radio Communications? 47(1) Electronic Information 48(7) Basic Communications Hardware 55(4) Radio Frequency Systems 59(3) Cellular Technology 62(8) Chapter Summary 70(1) Discussion Questions 70(1) Key Terms 70(1) End Notes 70(3) Networks 73(20) Learning Objectives 73(1) Introduction 73(1) Why Network? 74(3) Back to Analog and Digital Signals 77(2) Things That Connect 79(5) Bandwidth 84(1) Protocols 84(1) Basic Network Types 85(2) Data Security 87(2) Chapter Summary 89(1) Discussion Questions 90(1) Key Terms 90(1) End Notes 90(3) Geographic Information 93(18) Learning Objectives 93(1) Introduction 93(1) What Is a Geographic Information System? 93(1) Cartography Basics 94(4) Navstar 98(3) Automatic Vehicle Location 101(1) Global Positioning Satellite Technology and Geographic Information Systems 102(4) Getting the Data 106(1) Chapter Summary 107(1) Discussion Questions 108(1) Key Terms 108(1) End Notes 108(3) A Brief History of Police Technology 111(24) Learning Objectives 111(1) Introduction 111(1) Police Technology in Time 112(6) Changing the Value of Information 118(11) Policy and Procedure 129(1) Fragmentation 129(1) Chapter Summary 130(1) Discussion Questions 131(1) Key Terms 131(1) End Notes 131(4) Part Two Strategic Information Systems and Technologies Communications Dispatch Centers 135(20) Learning Objectives 135(1) Introduction 135(1) The Universal Emergency Number 135(5) Computer-Aided Dispatch 140(10) Nonemergency Points of Contact 150(1) Intelligent Transportation Systems 151(1) Chapter Summary 152(1) Discussion Questions 152(1) Key Terms 153(1) End Notes 153(2) Agency Systems 155(22) Learning Objectives 155(1) Introduction 155(4) Information Security and Accuracy 159(5) Turning Data into Information 164(4) Police Hardware and Software 168(2) Image Processing 170(2) Chapter Summary 172(1) Discussion Questions 173(1) Key Terms 174(1) End Notes 174(3) External Systems 177(22) Learning Objectives 177(1) Introduction 177(1) National Crime Information Center 178(2) NCIC 2000 180(2) Uniformed Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey 182(1) National Crime Victimization Survey 183(3) National Incident-Based Reporting System 186(2) Government Databases 188(2) Driver's License and Motor Vehicle Registration Information 190(1) Commercial Sources of Information 191(3) Chapter Summary 194(1) Discussion Questions 195(1) Key Terms 195(1) End Notes 196(3) The Internet and Law Enforcement 199(26) Learning Objectives 199(1) Introduction 199(1) History of the Internet 199(4) Navigating the Internet 203(7) Employee Use of E-mail and Instant Messaging 210(2) Listservs and CrimeWeb 212(1) The Internet and Law Enforcement 213(7) E-government 220(1) Chapter Summary 221(1) Discussion Questions 222(1) Key Terms 223(1) End Notes 223(2) Information Exchange 225(18) Learning Objectives 225(1) Introduction 225(1) Why Is the Exchange of Information Important? 226(2) Why Can't Agencies Exchange Information? 228(2) What Should Integration Look Like? 230(2) Extensible Markup Language 232(2) Tactical Communications 234(2) Agencies Partnerships 236(3) Chapter Summary 239(1) Discussion Questions 240(1) Key Terms 240(1) End Notes 240(3) Crime Analysis 243(24) Learning Objectives 243(1) Introduction 243(1) Crime Analysis and Community-Oriented Policing 243(1) What Are the Benefits of Crime Analysis? 244(2) Rational Choice, Situational Crime Prevention, and Crime Analysis 246(2) The Basic Requirements for Crime Analysis 248(1) The Analysis of a Crime 249(12) Crime Analysis and General Problems 261(1) Geographic Profiling 262(1) Chapter Summary 263(1) Discussion Questions 263(1) Key Terms 264(1) End Notes 264(3) Part Three Tactical Information Systems and Technologies Technology in Investigations 267(20) Learning Objectives 267(1) Introduction 267(2) Scientific Validity in the Courtroom 269(2) Fingerprint Technology 271(1) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 272(5) DNA Databanks 277(3) Software and Criminal Investigations 280(3) Digital Photography 283(1) Chapter Summary 284(1) Discussion Questions 285(1) Key Terms 285(1) End Notes 286(1) Wiretaps 287(24) Learning Objectives 287(1) Introduction 287(2) The Electronic Surveillance of Telephone Conversations 289(5) A Typical Wiretap Investigation 294(7) Pens, Traps, and Traces 301(2) Carnivore and Magic Lantern 303(2) The Telephone as an Investigative Tool 305(1) USA PATRIOT Act 306(1) Chapter Summary 306(1) Discussion Questions 307(1) Key Terms 307(1) End Notes 307(4) Tracking and Surveillance 311(18) Learning Objectives 311(1) Introduction 311(1) Tracking Vehicles 312(2) Tracking Electronic Communications 314(2) Photo Red Light 316(1) In-car Video 317(4) Closed-Circuit Television 321(3) Body Wires 324(1) Night Vision Devices 324(1) Video Evidence 325(1) Chapter Summary 326(1) Discussion Questions 327(1) Key Terms 327(1) End Notes 327(2) Hi-Tech Crime 329(20) Learning Objectives 329(1) Introduction 329(2) Computer Crime 331(1) Computer-related Crime 331(1) Technology Crime 332(1) Hi-Tech Crime 333(1) The Internet and Crime 334(4) System Attacks 338(1) Service Theft 339(1) Software Piracy 340(1) Hardware Theft 341(1) Evidence and Hi-Tech Crimes 342(3) Chapter Summary 345(1) Discussion Questions 345(1) Key Terms 346(1) End Notes 346(3) Major Incident and Disaster Response 349(20) Learning Objectives 349(1) Introduction 349(1) The Incident Command System 350(8) Incident Command Post Technology 358(5) Emergency Operation Centers 363(2) Technological Considerations for the First Responder 365(1) What's Not Included? 366(1) Chapter Summary 367(1) Discussion Questions 367(1) Key Terms 368(1) End Notes 368(1) Technology in the Street 369(22) Learning Objectives 369(1) Introduction 369(1) Less-Lethal Use-of-Force Devices 370(4) The Police Baton 374(1) Chemical Agents 375(1) Beanbag Shotgun 376(3) Electrical Control Devices 379(1) Traffic Enforcement 380(1) Vehicle Pursuits 381(1) Gunfire-Reduction Technology 382(2) Body Armor 384(1) Automated External Defibrillator 385(1) Chapter Summary 386(1) Discussion Questions 387(1) Key Terms 387(1) End Notes 387(4) Part Four Technology in Police Management Personnel and Training 391(18) Learning Objectives 391(1) Introduction 391(1) Scheduling and Deployment 391(7) Case Management 398(1) Problem Officers 399(2) Training 401(6) Chapter Summary 407(1) Discussion Questions 408(1) Key Terms 408(1) End Notes 408(1) Implementing and Managing Technology 409(14) Learning Objectives 409(1) Introduction 409(1) Leadership and Technology 410(1) Planning 410(2) Paving the Cow Path 412(2) The Use of Consultants 414(1) Losing People 415(2) Contracting Out and Outsourcing 417(1) The Government Buying Process 418(1) Financing the Purchase 419(1) Chapter Summary 420(1) Discussion Questions 421(1) Key Terms 421(1) End Notes 421(2) Emerging and Future Technologies 423(12) Learning Objectives 423(1) Introduction 423(1) Finding Us 424(2) Our Homes as Prisons 426(1) Scanning Us 427(1) Dataviellance 427(1) Using the Us of Us 428(2) Satellite Technology 430(1) Pursuit Technology 430(1) AVL 431(1) Less-Lethal Use of Force 431(1) Getting Smaller 431(1) Chapter Summary 432(1) Discussion Questions 432(1) Key Terms 433(1) End Notes 433(2) Bibliography 435(10) Index 445