Political Philosophy

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii PREFACE ix 1 Morals and Politics 1 1.1. Political Philosophy 1 1.2. Moral Philosophy 3 1.3. Political Society 6 1.4. The Problems of Political Philosophy 8 1.5. Ideal and Non-ideal 11 1.6. The Book 13 2 States? 15 2.1. Why Have Political Societies? 15 2.2. Justifying the State 18 2.3. Hobbesian Games 24 2.4. Anarchist Doubts 33 3 Obligations 39 3.1. The Problem of Political Obligation 39 3.2. Justifying Obligation 45 3.3. Associations, Transactions, and Natural Duties 49 3.4. Anarchism Again 62 4 Justice 67 4.1. Justice in Political Philosophy 67 4.2. Utility and Equality 72 4.3. Rawls on Justice 77 4.4. Merit and Entitlement 88 4.5. Critical Traditions 94 5 Democracy 105 5.1. Justifying Democracy 105 5.2. Democracy and Obligation 112 5.3. Majorities and Representatives 118 5.4. Participation and Deliberation 124 6 The World of States 128 6.1. An International State of Nature? 128 6.2. Legitimacy and Territoriality 134 6.3. Self-Determination and Secession 143 6.4. Intervention and Assistance 149 NOTES 158 INDEX 176