Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis

Chapter 1 Introduction 1(34) 1.1 Objectives and Scope 1(2) 1.2 What Is MFA? 3(2) 1.3 History of MFA 5(8) 1.3.1 Santorio's Analysis of the Human Metabolism 5(3) 1.3.2 Leontief's Economic Input-Output Methodology 8(1) 1.3.3 Analysis of City Metabolism 8(1) 1.3.4 Regional Material Balances 9(3) 1.3.5 Metabolism of the Anthroposphere 12(1) 1.3.6 Problems - Sections 1.1-1.3 13(1) 1.4 Application of MFA 13(15) 1.4.1 Environmental Management and Engineering 14(1) 1.4.2 Industrial Ecology 14(2) 1.4.3 Resource Management 16(1) 1.4.4 Waste Management 17(2) 1.4.5 Anthropogenic Metabolism 19(9) 1.4.5.1 Unprecedented Growth 19(3) 1.4.5.2 Anthropogenic Flows Surpass Geogenic Flows 22(1) 1.4.5.3 Linear Urban Material Flows 23(2) 1.4.5.4 Material Stocks Grow Fast 25(1) 1.4.5.5 Consumption Emissions Surpass Production Emissions 25(3) 1.4.5.6 Changes in Amount and Composition of Wastes 28(1) 1.5 Objectives of MFA 28(2) 1.5.1 Problems - Sections 1.4-1.5 29(1) References 30(5) Chapter 2 Methodology of MFA 35(132) 2.1 MFA Terms and Definitions 35(18) 2.1.1 Substance 35(1) 2.1.2 Good 36(1) 2.1.3 Material 37(1) 2.1.4 Process 37(2) 2.1.5 Flow and Flux 39(1) 2.1.6 Transfer Coefficient 40(3) 2.1.7 System and System Boundaries 43(1) 2.1.8 Activities 44(4) 2.1.9 Anthroposphere and Metabolism 48(1) 2.1.10 Material Flow Analysis 49(2) 2.1.11 Materials Accounting 51(1) 2.1.12 Problems - Section 2.1 51(2) 2.2 MFA Procedures 53(16) 2.2.1 Selection of Substances 54(2) 2.2.2 System Definition in Space and Time 56(2) 2.2.3 Identification of Relevant Flows, Stocks, and Processes 58(1) 2.2.4 Determination of Mass Flows, Stocks, and Concentrations 59(2) 2.2.5 Assessment of Total Material Flows and Stocks 61(2) 2.2.6 Presentation of Results 63(1) 2.2.7 Materials Accounting 64(3) 2.2.7.1 Initial MFA 64(1) 2.2.7.2 Determination of Key Processes, Flows, and Stocks 65(1) 2.2.7.3 Routine Assessment 66(1) 2.2.8 Problems - Section 2.2 67(2) 2.3 Data Uncertainties 69(11) 2.3.1 Propagation of Uncertainty 69(6) 2.3.1.1 Gauss's Law 69(3) 2.3.1.2 Monte Carlo Simulation 72(3) 2.3.2 Least-Square Data Fitting 75(4) 2.3.2.1 Geometrical Approach 76 2.3.2.2 Analytical Approach 78(1) 2.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 79(1) 2.4 Software for MFA 80(53) 2.4.1 General Software Requirements 80(2) 2.4.2 Special Requirements for Software for MFA 82(1) 2.4.3 Software Considered 83(1) 2.4.4 Case Study 83(2) 2.4.5 Calculation Methods 85(1) 2.4.6 Microsoft Excel 86(3) 2.4.7 Umberto 89(24) 2.4.7.1 Program Description 89(1) 2.4.7.2 Quickstart with Umberto 89(22) 2.4.7.3 Potential Problems 111(2) 2.4.8 GaBi 113(19) 2.4.8.1 Program Description 113(1) 2.4.8.2 Quickstart with GaBi 114(18) 2.4.8.3 Potential Problems 132(1) 2.4.9 Comparison 132(1) 2.4.9.1 Trial Versions 132(1) 2.4.9.2 Manuals and Support 132(1) 2.4.9.3 Modeling and Performance 132(1) 2.5 Evaluation Methods for MFA Results 133(26) 2.5.1 Evaluation Methods 135(33) 2.5.1.1 Material-Intensity per Service-Unit 136(1) 2.5.1.2 Sustainable Process Index 137(3) 2.5.1.3 Life-Cycle Assessment 140(1) 2.5.1.4 Swiss Ecopoints 141(1) 2.5.1.5 Exergy 142(3) 2.5.1.6 Cost-Benefit Analysis 145(2) 2.5.1.7 Anthropogenic vs. Geogenic Flows 147(2) 2.5.1.8 Statistical Entropy Analysis 149(10) References 159(8) Chapter 3 Case Studies 167(134) 3.1 Environmental Management 168(47) 3.1.1 Case Study 1: Regional Lead Pollution 168(16) 3.1.1.1 Procedures 169(11) 3.1.1.2 Results 180(4) 3.1.1.3 Basic Data for Calculation of Lead Flows and Stocks in the Bunz Valley 184(1) 3.1.2 Case Study 2: Regional Phosphorous Management 184(10) 3.1.2.1 Procedures 185(6) 3.1.2.2 Results 191(3) 3.1.3 Case Study 3: Nutrient Pollution in Large Watersheds 194(6) 3.1.3.1 Procedures 195(1) 3.1.3.2 Results 196(4) 3.1.4 Case Study 4: MFA as a Support Tool for Environmental Impact Assessment 200(13) 3.1.4.1 Description of the Power Plant and Its Periphery 202(1) 3.1.4.2 System Definition 203(1) 3.1.4.3 Results of Mass Flows and Substance Balances 204(3) 3.1.4.4 Definition of Regions of Impact 207(3) 3.1.4.5 Significance of the Coal Mine, Power Plant, and Landfill for the Region 210(3) 3.1.4.6 Conclusions 213(1) 3.1.5 Problems - Section 3.1 213(2) 3.2 Resource Conservation 215(41) 3.2.1 Case Study 5: Nutrient Management 215(5) 3.2.1.1 Procedures 216(2) 3.2.1.2 Results 218(2) 3.2.2 Case Study 6: Copper Management 220(15) 3.2.2.1 Procedures 222(6) 3.2.2.2 Results 228(7) 3.2.2.3 Conclusions 235(1) 3.2.3 Case Study 7: Construction Wastes Management 235(16) 3.2.3.1 The "Hole" Problem 236(3) 3.2.3.2 Use of MFA to Compare Construction Waste-Sorting Technologies 239(1) 3.2.3.3 Procedures 239(3) 3.2.3.4 Results 242(8) 3.2.3.5 Conclusions 250(1) 3.2.4 Case Study 8: Plastic Waste Management 251(3) 3.2.5 Problems - Chapter 3.2 254(2) 3.3 Waste Management 256(35) 3.3.1 Use of MFA for Waste Analysis 258(11) 3.3.1.1 Direct Analysis 259(1) 3.3.1.2 Indirect Analysis 260(9) 3.3.2 MFA to Support Decisions in Waste Management 269(21) 3.3.2.1 Case Study 11: ASTRA 269(10) 3.3.2.2 Case Study 12: PRIZMA 279(8) 3.3.2.3 Case Study 13: Recycling of Cadmium by MSW Incineration 287(3) 3.3.3 Problems - Section 3.3 290(1) 3.4 Regional Materials Management 291(5) 3.4.1 Case Study 14: Regional Lead Management 292(3) 3.4.1.1 Overall Flows and Stocks 292(1) 3.4.1.2 Lead Stock and Implications 293(1) 3.4.1.3 Lead Flows and Implications 293(1) 3.4.1.4 Regional Lead Management 294(1) 3.4.2 Problems - Section 3.4 295(1) References 296(5) Chapter 4 Outlook: Where to Go? 301(10) 4.1 Vision of MFA 301(3) 4.2 Standardization 304(1) 4.3 MFA and Legislation 305(2) 4.4 Resource-Oriented Metabolism of the Anthroposphere 307(2) 4.4.1 MFA as a Tool for the Design of Products and Processes 307(1) 4.4.2 MFA as a Tool to Design Anthropogenic Systems 307(1) 4.4.3 MFA as a Tool to Design the Anthropogenic Metabolism 308(1) References 309(2) Index 311