Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections in the United States

Preface xv Criminal Justice System Components: Locating Probation and Parole 1(27) Chapter Objectives 2(2) Introduction 4(1) An Overview of the Criminal Justice System 4(3) Types of Offenses 7(3) Felonies and Misdemeanors 7(1) Violent and Property Crimes 7(1) The Uniform Crime Reports and The National Crime Victimization Survey 8(2) Classifying Offenders 10(3) Traditional Offender Categorizations 10(3) Criminal Justice System Components 13(12) Law Enforcement 13(6) Prosecutorial Decision Making 19(2) Courts and Judges 21(1) Corrections 22(3) Probation and Parole Distinguished 25(3) Summary Questions for Review Suggested Readings Internet Connections Theories of Offender Treatment 28(37) Chapter Objectives 29(1) Introduction 30(2) Theories of Criminal Behavior 32(2) Biological Theories 34(2) Abnormal Physical Structure 34(1) Hereditary Criminal Behaviors 35(1) Biological Disturbances 36(1) Psychological Theories 36(3) Psychoanalytic Theory 36(1) Cognitive Development Theory 37(1) Social Learning Theory 38(1) Sociological and/or Sociocultural Theories 39(14) Differential Association Theory 40(3) Anomie Theory or Innovative Adaptation 43(1) The Subculture Theory of Delinquency 44(3) Labeling Theory 47(1) Social Control Theory 48(5) Conflict/Marxist Theory 53(1) Reality Therapy 53(1) Social Casework 54(1) Which Theory is Best?: An Evaluation 55(3) Theories about Adult Offenders 55(2) Theories about Delinquency 57(1) Treatment Programs and Theories 58(7) Summary Questions for Review Suggested Readings Internet Connections An Overview of Community Corrections: Types, Goals, and Functions 65(48) Chapter Objectives 66(2) Introduction 68(1) Community Corrections and Intermediate Punishments 69(2) The Community Corrections Act 71(1) The Philosophy and History of Community Corrections 72(2) Characteristics, Goals, and Functions of Community Corrections Programs 74(8) The Goals of Community-Based Corrections 75(7) Selected Issues in Community Corrections 82(6) Public Resistance to Locating Community Programs in Communities (the ``NIMBY Syndrome: ``Not in My Backyard'') 82(1) Punishment and Public Safety versus Offender Rehabilitation and Reintegration 83(1) Net-Widening 84(1) Privatization of Community-Based Correctional Agencies 85(2) Services Delivery 87(1) Home Confinement Programs 88(7) Home Confinement Defined 88(1) The Early Uses of Home Confinement 88(4) The Goals of Home Confinement Programs 92(1) A Profile of Home Confinement Clients 92(1) Selected Issues in Home Confinement 93(2) Electronic Monitoring Programs 95(12) Electronic Monitoring Defined 95(1) Early Uses of Electronic Monitoring 96(4) Types of Electronic Monitoring Systems 100(1) Electronic Monitoring with Home Confinement 101(2) Arguments for and Against Electronic Monitoring 103(1) A Profile of Electronic Monitoring Clients 103(1) Selected Issues in Electronic Monitoring 104(3) Day Reporting Centers 107(6) An Example of a Day Reporting Center in Action 108(5) Summary Questions for Review Suggested Readings Internet Connections Sentencing and the Presentence Investigation Report: Background, Preparation, and Functions 113(50) Chapter Objectives 114(1) Introduction 115(1) The Sentencing Process: Types of Sentencing Systems and Sentencing Issues 116(9) Functions of Sentencing 116(2) Types of Sentencing 118(3) Sentencing Issues 121(4) The Role of Probation Officers in Sentencing 125(1) Pre-sentence Investigation (PSI) Reports: Interstate Variations 126(11) The Confidentiality of PSI Reports 132(1) The Preparation of PSI Reports 133(1) Functions and Uses of PSI Reports 134(1) A General Summary of PSI Report Functions among the States 135(1) Criticisms of PSI Report Preparation 136(1) The Defendant's Sentencing Memorandum 136(1) The Inclusion of Victim Impact Statements 136(1) Privatizing PSI Report Preparation 137(1) The Sentencing Hearing 137(1) Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances 138(1) Aggravating Circumstances 138(1) Mitigating Circumstances 139(1) A Pre-sentence Investigation Report from Wisconsin 139(7) Changing Responsibilities of Probation Officers Resulting from Sentencing Reforms and Trends 146(17) Summary Questions for Review Suggested Readings Internet Connections Probation and Probationers: History, Philosophy, Goals, and Functions 163(41) Chapter Objectives 164(1) Do Any of These Cases Deserve Probation 164(1) What Happened? 165(1) Introduction 166(1) Probation Defined 167(1) The History of Probation in the United States 168(5) Judicial Reprieves and Releases on an Offender's Recognizance 168(1) John Augustus, the Father of Probation in the United States 168(1) The Ideal-Real Dilemma: Philosophies in Conflict 169(1) Public Reaction to Probation 170(3) The Philosophy of Probation 173(4) Models for Dealing with Criminal Offenders 177(4) The Treatment or Medical Model 178(1) The Rehabilitation Model 178(1) The Justice/Due Process Model 179(1) The Just-Deserts Model 179(1) The Community Model 180(1) Functions of Probation 181(2) Crime Control 181(1) Community Reintegration 181(1) Rehabilitation 182(1) Punishment 182(1) Deterrence 182(1) A Profile of Probationers 183(3) First-Offenders and Recidivists 186(1) Civil Mechanisms in Lieu of Probation 187(10) Alternative Dispute Resolution 189(5) Victim--Offender Reconciliation Projects 194(1) Pretrial Diversion 194(3)