Radar and Laser Cross Section Engineering, Second Edition

Preface xv Abbreviations and Acronyms xix Radar Cross Section 1(38) Introduction 1(1) Radar Systems and the Radar Range Equation 2(11) Polarization Definitions 13(1) Multipath and Other Environmental Effects 14(2) Radar Countermeasures 16(5) General Characteristics of Radar Cross Sections 21(4) Scattering Mechanisms 25(3) Methods of Radar Cross Section Prediction 28(4) Target Scattering Matrices 32(7) References 34(1) Problems 34(5) Basic Theorems, Concepts, and Methods 39(58) Introduction 39(1) Uniqueness Theorem 39(1) Reciprocity Theorem 40(1) Duality Theorem 41(1) Radiation Integrals 42(2) Superposition Theorem 44(1) Theorem of Similitude 45(1) Method of Images 46(2) Equivalence Principles 48(3) Physical Optics Approximation 51(10) Huygen's Principle 61(3) Arrays of Scatterers 64(5) Impedance Boundary Conditions 69(7) Discontinuity Boundary Conditions 76(3) Surface Waves 79(18) References 88(1) Problems 88(9) Frequency-Domain Numerical Methods 97(52) Introduction 97(1) Electric Field Integral Equation 98(3) Magnetic Field Integral Equation 101(1) The Vector Wave Equation 101(2) Method of Moments Technique 103(9) Method of Moments for Surfaces 112(11) Other Integral Equations 123(7) Finite Element Method 130(19) References 141(2) Problems 143(6) Time-Domain Numerical Methods 149(72) Introduction 149(2) Relationship Between Time and Frequency 151(3) Finite Difference--Time-Domain Method 154(11) Finite Difference--Time-Domain Equations in One Dimension 165(23) Finite Difference--Time-Domain Method in Two Dimensions 188(17) Finite Difference--Time-Domain Method in Three Dimensions 205(3) Finite Integration Technique 208(4) The Transmission Line Matrix Method 212(9) References 214(2) Problems 216(5) Microwave Optics 221(36) Introduction 221(2) Geometrical Optics 223(8) Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 231(3) Diffraction Coefficients 234(7) Geometrical Theory of Diffraction Equivalent Currents 241(2) Physical Theory of Diffraction 243(3) Incremental Length Diffraction Coefficients 246(2) Summary 248(9) References 249(1) Problems 250(7) Complex Targets 257(78) Introduction 257(1) Geometrical Components Method 258(8) Antenna Scattering Characteristics 266(2) Basic Equation of Antenna Scattering 268(3) Conjugate-Matched Antennas 271(1) Rigorous Solutions for Antenna Radar Cross Section 272(5) Scattering from Antenna Feeds 277(12) Feed Scattering Characteristics 289(7) Rigorous Calculation of Feed Radar Cross Section 296(5) Frequency Selective Surfaces 301(4) Cavities and Ducts 305(6) Error and Imperfections 311(2) Random Errors 313(9) Periodic Errors 322(2) Miscellaneous Discontinuities 324(11) References 327(1) Problems 328(7) Radar Cross Section Reduction 335(62) Introduction 335(1) Target Shaping 335(3) Materials Selection 338(14) RCS Reduction Techniques Employing Materials 352(5) Composite and Artificial Materials 357(14) Passive Cancellation 371(2) Active Cancellation 373(1) Treatments for Traveling Waves 374(1) Antenna Radar Cross Section Reduction 374(3) Cavity Cross Section Reduction 377(1) Summary: Radar Cross Section Design Guidelines 378(2) Inverse Scattering and Radar Cross Section Synthesis 380(17) References 386(2) Problems 388(9) Measurement of Radar Cross Section 397(14) Introduction 397(1) Chamber Configurations 398(5) Sources of Measurement Error 403(1) Resolved Radar Cross Section and Target Imaging 404(3) Diagnostic Techniques for Maintenance 407(4) References 407(1) Problems 408(3) Laser Cross Section 411(30) Introduction 411(1) Scattering and Propagation of Light 411(2) Definition of Quantities 413(3) Laser Radar Equation 416(3) Definition of Laser Cross Section 419(1) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function 420(3) Diffuse Surfaces 423(4) Calculation of Laser Cross Section 427(3) Multiple Reflections 430(3) Laser Cross Section Reduction Methods 433(1) Antireflection Films 433(3) Laser Cross Section Prediction for Complex Targets 436(5) References 437(1) Problems 437(4) Appendix A. Notation, Definitions, and Review of Electromagnetics 441(14) Field Quantities and Constitutive Parameters 441(1) Maxwell's Equations 441(1) Current Densities 442(1) Boundary Conditions 443(1) Magnetic Current 444(1) Types of Media 444(1) Wave Equation and Plane Waves 445(1) Wave Polarization 446(1) Plane Waves in Lossy Media 447(2) Group Velocity 449(1) Power Flow and the Poynting Vector 449(1) Reflection and Refraction at an Interface 450(2) Total Reflection 452(1) Standing Waves 453(2) Appendix B. Coordinate Systems 455(7) Orthogonal Coordinate Systems 455(1) Coordinate Transformations 456(2) Position Vectors 458(1) Direction Cosines 458(2) Azimuth-Elevation Coordinate System 460(2) Appendix C. Review of Antenna Theory 462(12) Antenna Parameters 462(6) Aperture Theory 468(2) Array Theory 470(4) Appendix D. Review of Transmission Lines 474(4) Waves on Transmission Lines 474(1) Transmission Line Equivalent of Plane Wave Reflection 475(1) Impedance Transformers 476(2) Appendix E. Scattering Matrices 478(5) Scattering Parameters 478(1) Properties of the Scattering Matrix 479(2) Network Analysis 481(2) Appendix F. Properties of Composite Materials 483(4) Metal Matrix Composites 483(1) Nonmetallics and Nonmetallic Composites 483(4) Index 487(18) Supporting Materials 505