Radiation Protection in Medical Radiography

Introduction to Radiation Protection 1(24) Effective Radiation Protection 2(1) Justification and Responsibility for Radiologic Procedures 3(2) As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) Principle 5(1) Patient Protection and Patient Education 5(3) Radiation 8(17) Interaction of X-Radiation with Matter 25(20) Significance of X-Ray Absorption in Biologic Tissue 26(1) X-Ray Beam Production and Energy 26(2) Attenuation 28(1) Probability of Photon Interaction with Matter 29(1) Processes of Interaction 29(16) Radiation Quantities and Units 45(18) Historical Evolution of Radiation Quantities and Units 46(7) Radiation Quantities and Their Units of Measure 53(10) Overview of Cell Biology 63(20) The Cell 64(1) Cell Chemical Composition 64(8) Cell Structure 72(3) Cell Division 75(8) Molecular and Cellular Radiation Biology 83(27) Ionizing Radiation 84(1) Radiation Energy Transfer Determinants 84(4) Molecular Effects of Irradiation 88(11) Cellular Effects of Irradiation 99(1) Survival Curves for Mammalian Cells 100(1) Cell Radiosensitivity 101(9) Radiation Effects on Organ Systems 110(31) Radiation Dose-Response Relationship 111(3) Somatic and Genetic Damage Factors 114(1) Somatic Effects 114(20) Genetic Effects 134(7) Dose Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation 141(22) Basis of Effective Dose Limiting System 143(1) Radiation Protection Standards Organizations 143(3) U.S. Regulatory Agencies 146(2) Radiation Safety Program 148(1) Effective Dose Limiting System 149(1) Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 149(1) ALARA Concept 150(1) Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981 151(1) Goal for Radiation Protection 151(1) Radiation-Induced Responses of Concern in Radiation Protection 151(2) Objectives of Radiation Protection 153(1) Current Radiation Protection Philosophy 153(1) Risk 154(1) Basis for the Effective Dose (EfD) Limiting System 154(1) Current NCRP Recommendations 155(2) Action Limits 157(1) Radiation Hormesis 158(1) Occupational and Nonoccupational Dose Limits 158(5) Protection of the Patient during Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures 163(60) Effective Communication 166(2) Immobilization 168(1) X-Ray Beam Limitation Devices 168(5) Filtration 173(4) Protective Shielding 177(4) Compensating Filters 181(1) Technical Exposure Factors 182(2) Radiographic Film Processing 184(1) Screen-Film Combinations 185(1) Radiographic Grids 186(2) Air Gap Technique 188(1) Repeat Radiographs When Film Serves as the Image Receptor 189(1) Unnecessary Radiologic Procedures 189(1) Minimal Source-Skin Distance (SSD) for Mobile Radiography 190(1) Digital Imaging 191(3) Fluoroscopic Procedures 194(4) Mobile C-Arm Fluoroscopy 198(2) Cinefluorography 200(1) Digital Fluoroscopy 201(1) High-Level-Control Interventional Procedures 202(2) Amount of Radiation Received by Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Imaging Procedures 204(2) The Pregnant Patient 206(5) Other Diagnostic Exams and Imaging Modalities 211(3) Pediatric Considerations 214(2) Protecting the Pregnant or Potentially Pregnant Patient 216(7) Protection of Imaging Personnel During Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures 223(26) Annual Limit for Occupationally Exposed Personnel 225(1) ALARA Concept 226(1) Dose Reduction Methods and Techniques 226(2) Protection for Pregnant Personnel 228(1) Basic Principles of Radiation Protection for Personnel Exposure Reduction 228(5) Diagnostic-Type Protective Tube Housing 233(1) Protection During Fluoroscopic Procedures 234(2) Protection During Mobile Radiographic Examinations 236(1) Protection During C-Arm Fluoroscopy 237(1) Protection During High-Level-Control Interventional Procedures 238(1) Patient Restraint 239(1) Doors to X-Ray Rooms 239(1) Diagnostic X-Ray Suite Protection Design 239(10) Radiation Monitoring 249(20) Personnel Monitoring 250(2) Personnel Dosimeters 252(9) Radiation Survey Instruments for Area Monitoring 261(4) Calibration Instruments 265(4) Radioisotopes and Radiation Protection 269(18) Medical Usage 270(10) Radiation Emergencies---The Use of Radiation as a Terrorist Weapon 280(7) Bibliography 287(6) Appendix A Chance of a 50-KeV Photon Interacting with Atoms of Tissue as It Travels through 5 cm of Soft Tissue 293(1) Appendix B Relationships among Photons, Electromagnetic Waves, Wavelength, and Energy 294(1) Appendix C Compton Interaction 295(2) Appendix D Periodic Table of the Elements 297(1) Appendix E Metric System Equivalents for Length 298(1) Appendix F Revision of 10 CFR Part 35 299(1) Appendix G Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981 300(5) Answers to Review Questions 305(2) Glossary 307(26) Index 333