Rocket Exhaust Plume Phenomenology

Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Rocket Engines 1(20) Introduction 1(1) Ideal Engines 1(11) Real Engines 12(7) References 19(2) Characteristics of Exhaust Plumes 21(18) Inviscid Core 21(2) Mixing Layer 23(3) Flight Regimes 26(3) Two-Phase Flow 29(2) Multiple Nozzle Effects 31(2) Effects of Recirculation 33(3) Plume-Trail Transition 36(1) References 36(3) Radiation Processes 39(34) Origin of Emission 39(3) Spectral Line Growth 42(3) Isothermal Emission 45(2) Nonisothermal Emission 47(2) Line-by-Line Calculations 49(4) Molecular Band Models 53(4) Band Model Parameters 57(1) Band Strength Summary 58(1) Chemiluminescence 59(1) Kinetic Excitation 60(1) Emission and Scattering from Particles 61(2) Scattering of Sunlight from Particles 63(6) Infrared Resonance Scattering 69(1) References 70(3) Nozzle Flow Codes 73(26) General Considerations 73(1) Nozzle Performance Codes 74(1) The One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Kinetic Codes 75(16) Empirical Adjustments to Code Inputs 91(2) Comparisons with Experiments 93(3) References 96(3) Plume Models 99(30) Model Types 99(1) SPF/SIRRM 99(6) CHARM 105(8) Other Detailed Plume Models 113(1) CFD Codes 113(1) One-Dimensional Models for Low-Altitude Plumes 113(5) Analytical Models for High-Altitude Plumes 118(8) References 126(3) Signature Scaling 129(14) Rationale for Scaling 129(1) Empirical Scaling Laws 129(1) Derivation of Scaling Law for Low-Altitude Plumes 130(8) Derivation of Scaling Law for High-Altitude Plumes 138(1) Scaling Law for Vacuum Plumes 139(1) Scaling through Detailed Modeling 140(1) References 141(2) Time-Varying Properties of Plumes 143(14) Introduction 143(1) Origin of Plume Modulations 143(5) Ignition and Cutoff Flashes 148(2) Staging Events 150(4) RV Deployment 154(1) References 155(2) Properties of Molecular Plume Constituents 157(16) Molecular Band Strengths 157(1) Representative Spectra 158(5) Rate Constants and Cross Sections 163(7) References 170(3) Carbon Soot Properties 173(20) Mechanisms of Formation 173(5) Particle Sizes and Composition 178(2) Optical Properties 180(2) Nonequilibrium Effects 182(1) Soot Oxidation in Plumes 183(5) Solar Heating of Soot Particles 188(2) References 190(3) Properties of Alumina Particles 193(8) Formation 193(1) Particle Sizes and Shapes 193(2) Particle Temperatures and Optical Properties 195(3) References 198(3) Diagnostic Techniques for Exit-Plane Exhaust Characterization 201(38) General Considerations 201(1) Emission-Absorption Measurements---Homogeneous Gases 202(11) Emission-Absorption Measurements---Inhomogeneous Gases 213(10) Active Illumination and Crossed-Beam Techniques 223(8) Direct Sampling Techniques 231(3) References 234(5) Ultraviolet Properties of Plumes 239(12) Introduction 239(1) Ultraviolet Emission from Exhaust Gases 239(9) Ultraviolet Emission from Particulates 248(1) References 249(2) Post-Boost Phenomena 251(6) Propellant Venting 251(1) Persistent Trails 252(3) References 255(2) Databases 257(22) Introduction 257(1) MIDAS 257(4) Defense Support Program 261(1) The TRIM Data Collection 262(3) SDIO/BMDO Databases from Airborne Sensors 265(10) The IBSS Experiments 275(2) References 277(2) Glossary: Acronyms and Abbreviations 279(4) Index 283