Science and Civilisation in China : Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 12, Ceramic Technology

List of illustrations xxii List of charts xxxi List of tables xxxii List of abbreviations xxxviii Series editor's preface xliii Preface xlv PART 1: SETTING THE SCENE 1(86) The status of ceramics in early China 1(39) Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods 1(6) Bronze Age 7(2) Ceramic types and Chinese terms 9(3) Early historiography of Chinese ceramics 12(3) Chhin and Han periods 15(1) The status of potters 16(4) Later texts on Chinese ceramics 20(1) Treatises concerned with agriculture and crafts 20(2) Gazetteers 22(2) Literature concerned specifically with Ching-te-chen 24(4) The literature of connoisseurship 28(6) Official historiography: the standard histories, veritable records and collected statutes 34(2) Literature in Western languages 36(2) The +20th- to +21st-century literature of archaeology 38(2) Introductory remarks on raw materials, firing, forming and glazing 40(47) The nature of clay 41(1) Origins of clays 42(2) Mechanical weathering 44(1) Chemical weathering 44(3) Tropical weathering 47(1) Hydro-thermal alteration 48(1) Volcanic alteration 48(1) Main clay-types in China 49(1) The Nan-shan Chhin-ling divide 49(3) Kilns and firing 52(3) The process and stages of firing 55(4) Firing of clays in north and south China 59(1) Fuel 60(1) Sources of energy in firing historical ceramics 61(1) Stages in burning 61(2) Different solid fuels 63(1) Fuels in China 63(2) Kilns 65(1) Using clays to form pots 65(1) Working with plastic clay 65(1) Throwing 66(1) Removing the vessel 67(1) Turning 68(5) Moulding 73(1) A reflection on glazes 74(1) The nature of glass and glaze 75(1) Glass theory 76(1) Fluxes 77(1) Eutectic mixtures 78(2) The silica-sodium oxide system 80(1) From glaze to glass 81(4) The use of calcia as a stabiliser 85(1) Early Chinese glazes 85(1) Summary of Part I: `Setting the scene' 85(2) PART 2: CLAYS 87(196) Earthenwares and stonewares to the Han dynasty 87(56) The north--south divide and its influence on Chinese ceramics 87(3) Glazes 90(1) North China and loess 90(4) Palaeosols 94(1) Loess and fertility 95(1) The use of loess in Chinese ceramics: the Neolithic period 96(4) Character of loessic Neolithic wares 100(1) From oxidation to reduction in Neolithic ceramics 101(1) Properties of loess in Neolithic wares 101(1) Loess in Shang dynasty ceramics and bronze-casting 102(1) Refractoriness 103(1) The use of loess in building materials in early China 104(1) Pipes and wells 105(6) Hollow bricks, strip bricks and tiles 111(1) Tiles 112(1) Architectural ceramics in the Chhin dynasty 112(2) Loess in Bronze Age ceramic vessels 114(1) Use of loess in the Han dynasty: architectural ceramics and vessels 114(1) Han dynasty glazed ceramics 115(1) Loess in high-fired glazes 116(1) Loess in pyrometric cones 117(1) The significance of loess's use in China 117(3) Northern whitewares 120(1) Oxide analyses of clays and glazes 121(1) Kaolinitic clays in north China 122(1) Shang dynasty whitewares 123(3) Glazed stonewares at An-yang 126(3) Compositional differences between northern and southern stoneware clays 129(3) The nature of southern stoneware clay 132(3) Development of southern glazed stonewares 135(5) Rock or clay? 140(3) Porcelain: developments in north China 143(21) The growth of glazed stoneware in north China 143(2) Possible contributing factors to the success of southern glazed stoneware 145(1) Chinese porcelain 146(1) Slips 147(2) Kung-hsien 149(2) Hsing wares 151(2) The nature of Hsing ware raw materials 153(2) Feldspathic Hsing wares 155(2) Ting ware 157(3) Composition of Ting wares 160(3) Other northern porcelain sites 163(1) Stoneware in north China in the post +10th century 164(17) Northern stoneware 164(1) Yao-chou 164(2) Historical monuments documenting stoneware manufacture 166(1) Other important northern stonewares 167(1) Ju ware 167(2) Chun ware 169(1) Tzhu-chou ware 170(5) Compositions of northern clays 175(6) Development and growth of southern porcelain 181(3) Development of southern whitewares 181(3) Chinese porcelain and the city of Ching-te-chen 184(56) The porcelain industry at Ching-te-chen 184(1) Official control of the pottery industry and the imperial kilns at Ching-te-chen 184(5) Official control of the imperial factory: taxes, requisitions and problems 189(8) Production quotas 197(4) Porcelain decorations and sumptuary regulations 201(8) Labour relations 209(5) Technological development of Ching-te-chen porcelain 214(2) The nature of Ching-te-chen Five Dynasties whiteware 216(1) Vogt's paper 216(3) The geology of Ching-te-chen porcelain stone 219(6) Mining 225(1) Preparation 226(2) The effects of refining porcelain stone 228(1) The introduction of kaolin at Ching-te-chen 229(6) The nature and preparation of kaolin 235(2) Why kaolin? 237(3) Other notable southern wares 240(27) Te-hua porcelain 240(4) Te-hua production 244(1) Te-hua porcelain clay 244(3) Te-hua glazes 247(1) Oxidation and translucency 248(1) Lung-chhuan celadon wares 249(3) The technical development of Lung-chhuan celadon ware 252(1) Physical nature of Lung-chhuan porcelain stone 253(1) Lung-chhuan red clays 254(4) The porcellaneous Lung-chhuan material 258(1) Southern Sung dynasty Kuan ware 258(2) The two Kuan kilns at Hang-chou: Hsiu-nei Ssu and Chiao-than Hsia 260(1) The Lao-hu-tung sherds 261(3) Hang-chou and Lung-chhuan Kuan wares 264(1) The continuing mystery of Ko ware 265(2) Stonewares and teawares in south China 267(16) Dark-bodied stonewares in south China 267(1) Chien ware 267(4) Tea-drinking and teawares 271(1) Hsing and Yueh teawares 271(2) Sung dynasty teawares 273(1) I-hsing teawares 273(4) Chi-chou ware 277(1) Chi-chou ware clays 278(1) Summary of Part 2: `Clays' 279(4) PART 3: KILNS 283(96) Neolithic bonfire kilns, up-draught kilns and reduction-firing 283(19) Bonfire-firing 283(1) Early Chinese `bonfired' wares 284(3) True ceramic kilns 287(2) Earliest Chinese Neolithic wares 289(1) Early northern up-draught kilns 289(3)