Shop Reference for Students and Apprentices

CONVERSION FACTORS Metric Conversion Factors 1(6) Greek Letters and Standard Abbreviations 7(1) Decimal Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch 7(2) Use of Conversion Tables 9(1) Fractional Inch to Millimeter 10(1) Decimals of an Inch to Millimeters 11(2) Millimeters to Inches 13(2) Microinches to Micrometers 15(1) Micrometers to Microinches 16(1) Thermal Energy or Heat 17(1) Thermometer Scales 17(1) Absolute Temperature and Absolute Zero 17(1) Thermal Energy 17(1) Fahrenheit-Celsius Conversion 17(3) MATHEMATICS Mathematical Signs and Commonly Used Abbreviations 20(1) Arithmetic 21(1) Common Fractions 21(1) Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers 22(1) Subtracting Fractions and Mixed Numbers 22(1) Multiplying Fraction and Mixed Numbers 23(1) Dividing Fractions and Mixed Numbers 23(1) Decimal Fractions 24(1) Converting Common Fractions To Decimal Fractions 25(2) Principal Algebraic Expressions and Formulas 27(1) Solving First Degree Equations 27(1) Solving Quadratic Equations 28(1) Cubic Equations 28(1) Rearrangement and Transposition Formulas 29(1) Complex or Imaginary Numbers 30(1) Operations on Complex Numbers 31(1) Imaginary Quantities 32(1) Squares and Cubes of Numbers 33(6) Fractions of Pi 39(1) Weights and Volumes 40(1) Circumferences and Areas of Circles 41(12) Lengths of Chords for Spacing Off the Circumferences of Circles 53(1) Hole Coordinate Dimension Factors 54(1) Spacing Off the Circumferences of Circles 55(14) Diameters of Circles and Sides of Squares of Equal Area 69(1) Distance Across Corners of Squares and Hexagons 70(1) Formulas for Regular Polygons 71(1) Areas and Dimensions of Figures 72(6) Segments of Circles 78(2) Volumes of Solids 80(6) Ratio and Proportion 86(1) Inverse Proportion 87(1) Powers, Roots, and Reciprocals 88(1) Powers of Ten Notation 88(13) Solution of Triangles 101(1) Trigonometric Relationships of Right Triangle Parts 102(1) Angular/Linear Relationships 102(1) Trigonometric Functions 103(2) Solution of Triangles 105(5) Degree to Radian Conversion Table 110(2) Trigonometric Functions 112(1) Laws of Sines and Cosines 113(1) Trigonometric Identities 113(5) Versed Sine and Versed Cosine 118(1) Sevolute and Involute Functions 118(1) Involute Functions Table 119(4) Compound Angles 123(1) Formulas for Compound Angles 123(3) ENGINEERING DRAWINGS Fundamental Rules 126(1) Units of Measurement 127(1) Types of Dimensioning 127(1) Application of Dimensions 128(5) Dimensioning Features 133(12) Direct Tolerancing Methods 145(1) Tolerance Expression 146(1) Interpretation of Limits 147(1) Single Limits 147(1) Tolerance Accumulation 147(9) Geometric Tolerance Symbols 156(3) Feature Control Frame Placement 159(1) Definition of Tolerance Zone 160(1) Tabulated Tolerances 160(1) Drafting Practices 161(1) Sizes of Drawing Sheets 161(1) Control and Production of Surface Texture 161(2) Symbols for Section Lining 163(4) Sampling Lengths 167(1) Roughness Parameters 168(1) Waviness Parameters 168(1) Surface Roughness to Tolerances 169(1) Roughness Measurements 170(2) Surface Texture Symbols 172(2) Roughness Average Values 174(1) Lay Symbols 174(3) Surface Texture of Castings 177(1) Metric Dimensions on Drawings 177(1) Checking Drawings 177(3) INSPECTION Measuring Instruments 180(1) Steel Rules 180(2) Micrometers 182(3) Verniers 185(2) Dial Calipers 187(1) Protractors 187(2) Sine-bar 189(2) Tables for Sine-bar Constants 191(7) Measuring Tapers 198(1) Measuring Dovetail Slides 198(1) Angles and Tapers 199(1) Tapers per Foot 200(1) Figuring Tapers 201(1) Simplified Taper Calculations 201(3) Measurement over Pins 204(1) ALLOWANCES AND TOLERANCES FOR FITS Limits and Fits 205(1) Basic Dimensions 205(1) Tolerances 205(3) Preferred Basic Sizes 208(3) ANSI Standard Fits 211(3) Running and Sliding Fits 214(2) Clearance Locational Fits 216(2) Transition Locational Fits 218(4) Modified Standard Fits 222(1) Tolerances Designation 223(2) Preferred Metric Sizes 225(1) Preferred Fits 225(3) Hole Basic Metric Clearance Fits 228(2) Hole Basis Metric Transition and Interference Fits 230(2) Shaft Basis Metric Clearance Fits 232(2) Shaft Basis Metric Transition and Interference Fits 234(2) Gagemakers Tolerances 236(2) PINS ANSI Straight Pins 238(1) ANSI Taper Pins 238(1) Drilling Specifications 239(2) Selection of Number and Sizes of Drills 241(1) ANSI Grooved Pins 242(3) STANDARD TAPERS Morse Taper 245(1) Brown & Sharpe Taper 245(1) Jarno Taper 245(1) Morse Stub Taper Shanks 246(2) Morse Taper Sleeves 248(1) Brown & Sharpe Taper Shank 249(1) Jarno Taper Shanks 250(1) Machine Tool Spindles 250(1) Tapers for Machine Tool Spindles 250(3) KEYS AND KEYSEATS Key Size Versus Shaft Diameter 253(3) Depths for Milling Keyseats 256(1) Cotters 256(1) Plain and Gib Head Keys 257(1) Fits for Parallel and Taper Keys 258(1) Key Chamfer 259(1) Keyseat Tolerances for Electric Motor 259(1) Set Screws for Use Over Keys 259(1) Woodruff Keys and Keyseats 259(3) Keyseat Dimensions for Woodruff Keys 262(2) Depth of Keyseat 264(1) Preferred Lengths of Keys 265(1) SCREW THREAD SYSTEMS Screw Thread Forms 266(1) Parts of a Screw Thread 266(1) Thread Designations 267(2) Cutting Screw Threads 269(2) Tap Drill Sizes and Percentage of Thread 271(7) Threading Formulas 278(1) Internal Metric Thread 278(2) External Metric Thread 280(3) Standard Series Selected Combinations 283(24) Measuring Screw Threads 307(1) Pitch and Lead of Screw Threads 307(1) Thread Micrometers 307(1) Ball-point Micrometers 308(1) Three-wire Method 308(1) Classes of Formulas 309(1) Screw Thread Profiles 309(1) Checking Pitch Diameters 309(1) Wire Sizes 310(1) Diameters of Wires 310(1) Measuring Wire Accuracy 311(1) Measuring of Contact Pressure 311(1) Formulas for Checking Pitch Diameters 312(1) COMMON HARDWARE Fastener Grade Marks 313(1) Grade Identification Marks and Mechanical Properties of Bolts and Screws 313(1) Hexagon and Spline Socket 314(1) Drill and Counterbore Size 315(1) Hexagon and Spline Keys and Bits 316(1) Socket Head Cap Screws 317(3) Drill and Counterbore Sizes 320(1) Hardened Ground Machine Dowel Pins 321(1) GEARS AND GEARING Gears 322(1) Definitions of Gear Terms 323(4) Sizes and Shape of Gear Teeth 327(1) Nomenclature of Gear Teeth 327(1) Properties of the Involute Curve 328(1) Diametral and Circular Pitch Systems 329(1) Caliper Measurement of Gear Tooth 329(1) Involute Gear Milling Cutter 330(1) Chordal Thickness and Chordal Addenda of Milled and Gear Milling Cutter 331(1) Finishing Gear Milling Cutters 332(1) Module System Gear Design 333(1) German Standard Tooth Form 333(1) Rules for Module System of Gearing 334(1) Tooth Dimensions Based Upon Module System 335(1) Equivalent Diametral Pitches, Circular Pitches 336(1) Spur Gear Calculations Formula 337(1) Helical Gear Calculations Formula 338(2) Bevel Gear Calculations Formula 340(2) Milling Bevel Gear 342(4) INDEXING Milling Machine Indexing 346(1) Simple Indexing 346(1) Indexing Movements for Standard Index Plate 347(1) Angular Indexing 348(2) B & S Index Plates 350(1) CUTTING SPEEDS AND FEEDS Work Materials 351(3) Cutting Speed, Feed, Depth of Cut, Tool Wear, and Tool Life 354(1) Selecting Cutting Conditions 354(1) Principal Feeds and Speeds Tables 355(1) Cutting Speed Formulas 355(2) Adjustment Factors for Turning with HSS Tools 357(1) Cutting Speed for Tapping 357(1) Cutting Speed for Broaching 358(1) Cutting Speed for Thread Chasing 359(1) Feed Rate for Milling 360(1) Feed Rates for Drilling 361(2) Cutting Speeds for Plain Carbon and Alloy Steels 363(2) Cutting Speeds for Ferrous Cast Metals 365(1) Cutting Speeds for Stainless Steels 366(1) Cutting Speeds for Tool Steels 367(1) Cutting Speeds for Light Metals 368(1) Cutting Speeds for Titanium Alloys 368(1) Cutting Speeds for Superalloys 369(1) Feeds for Milling with HSS Cutters 370(5) RPM for Various Cutting Speeds and Diameters 375(4) Tapping and Threading 379(1) Speeds for Metal-cutting Saws 380(1) Speeds for Turning Unusual Materials 381(1) CUTTING TOOLS Tool Contour 382(1) Terms and Definitions 382(4) Relief Angles 386(1) Rake Angles 386(2) Nose Radius 388(1) Chipbreakers 388(1) Planing Tools 389(1) Indexable Inserts 389(1) Insert Identification System 390(2) Indexable Insert Tool Holders 392(1) Standard Shank Sizes 392(2) Indexable Insert Holders 394(4) Single-Point Turning and Boring Tools 398(3) Arbor-Mounted Side and Slot Mills 401(3) High-Speed-Steel Peripheral and Slotting End Mills 404(2) High-Speed-Steel Twist Drill Tool 406(3) Length of Point on Twist Drills 409(1) Tool Troubleshooting 410(2) Machining Methods 412(1) TOOL WEAR Sharpening Twist Drills 413(1) Relief Grinding of the Tool Flanks 413(1) Drill Point Thinning 414(1) Sharpening Carbide Tools 414(1) Silicon Carbide Wheels 415(1) Diamond Wheels 415(2) Peripheral Versus Flat Side Grinding 417(1) Lapping Carbide Tools 417(1) Chip Breaker Grinding 417(1) Summary of Miscellaneous Points 418(1) CUTTING FLUIDS FOR MACHINING Types of Cutting and Grinding Fluids 419(1) Cutting Oils 419(1) Water-Miscible Fluids 420(1) Cutting Fluids for Different Materials and Operations 420(1) Cutting Fluids for Turning, Milling, Drilling and Tapping 421(1) Cutting Fluids for Machining Operations 422(1) Application of Cutting Fluids to Carbides 423(1) Cutting Fluids for Machining Magnesium 424(1) Coolants for Carbide Tool Grinding 424(1) MACHINING NONFERROUS METALS Machining Magnesium 425(1) Machining Aluminum 426(1) Machining Plastics 427(2) Machining Non-metallic Gear Blanks 429(1) Zinc Alloy Die-Castings 430(1) Monel and Nickel Alloys 430(1) High Strength, Low Alloy Steel 431(2) Materials Carbon Steels 433(2) Free Cutting Steels 435(1) Carburizing of Steels 435(3) Chromium Nickel Austenitic Steels 438(1) Stainless Chromium Irons and Steels 439(3) Unified Numbering System 442(2) Standard Steel Numbering System 444(1) Classification of Tool Steels 445(1) Quick Reference Guide for Tool Steel Selection 446(1) Molybdenum High-Speed Steels 447(2) Tungsten High-Speed Tool Steels 449(1) Hot-Work Tool Steels 450(1) Cold-Work Tool Steels 451(1) Shock-Resisting, Mold, and Special-Purpose Tool Steels 452(1) Classification, Compositions, and Properties of Tool and Die Steels 453(2) Heat Treatments for SAE Carbon Steels 455(1) SAE Alloy Steels 456(4) Composition and Physical Properties of Bronzes 460(1) Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys 461(1) Aluminum Bronze Rods, Bars, and Shapes 461(1) Hardness and Ultimate Strength of Brass 462(3) Copper-Silicon and Beryllium Copper Alloys 465(1) Nominal Composition and Properties of Everdur 465(2) Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 467(1) Temper Designations for Aluminum Alloys 468(3) Designation Systems 471(2) Composition of Casting Alloys 473(1) Clad Aluminum Alloys 474(1) Characteristics of Principal Aluminum Alloy Groups 474(1) Cast Magnesium Alloys 475(1) Wrought Magnesium Alloys 475(2) Nickel and Nickel Alloys 477(2) Inconel 479(1) Titanium and Titanium Alloys 479(1) Powder Metallurgy 480(2) HARDNESS TESTING Brinell Hardness Test 482(1) Rockwell Hardness Test 482(1) Shore's Scleroscope 483(1) Vickers Hardness Test 483(1) Knoop Hardness Numbers 483(1) Monotron Hardness Indicator 484(1) Keep's Test 484(1) Comparative Hardness Scales for Steel 484(5) Creep 489(1) Creep Rupture 489(1) Identifying Metals 489