Moore, Thomas A.

Six Ideas That Shaped Physics : Unit Q - Matter Behaves Like Waves

Unit C Conservation Laws Constrain Interactions Introduction to Interactions Vectors Interactions Transfer Momentum Particles and Systems Applying Momentum Conservation Introduction to Energy Some Potential Energy Functions Force and Energy Rotational Energy Thermal Energy Energy in Bonds Power, Collisions, and Impacts Angular Momentum Conservation of Angular Momentum Unit N The Laws of Physics Are Universal Newton's Laws Vector Calculus Forces from Motion Motion from Forces Statics Linearly Constrained Motion Coupled Objects Circularly Constrained Motion Noninertial Reference Frames Projectile Motion Oscillatory Motion Introduction to Orbits Planetary Motion Unit R The Laws of Physics Are Frame-Independent The Principle of Relativity Synchronizing Clocks The Nature of Time The Metric Equation Proper Time Coordinate Transformations Lorentz Contraction The Cosmic Speed Limit Four-Momentum Conservation of Four-Momentum Unit E Electric and Magnetic Fields Are Unified Electrostatics Electric Fields Electric Potential Conductors Driving Currents Analyzing Circuits Magnetic Fields Currents and Magnets Symmetry and Flux Gauss's Law Ampere's Law The Electromagnetic Field Maxwell's Equations Induction Introduction to Waves Electromagnetic Waves Unit Q Particles Behave Like Waves Standing Waves The Wave Nature of Light The Particle Nature of Light The Wave Nature of Matter The Quantum Facts of Life The Wavefunction Bound Systems Spectra Understanding Atoms The Schrodinger Equation Energy Eigenfunctions Introduction to Nuclei Stable and Unstable Nuclei Radioactivity Nuclear Technology Unit T Some Processes Are Irreversible Temperature Ideal Gases Gas Processes Macrostates and Microstates The Second Law Temperature and Entropy Some Mysteries Resolved Calculating Entropy Changes Heat Engines About the Author xiii Preface xv Introduction for Students xix Standing Waves 2(20) Chapter Overview 2(2) Introduction to the Unit 4(1) Tension and Sound Waves 5(1) The Superposition Principle 6(1) Reflection 7(2) Standing Waves 9(4) The Fourier Theorem 13(1) Resonance 14(8) Two-Minute Problems 17(1) Homework Problems 17(3) Answers to Exercises 20(2) The Wave Nature of Light 22(22) Chapter Overview 22(2) Two-Slit Interference 24(4) Two-Slit Interference of Light 28(3) Diffraction 31(5) Optical Resolution 36(8) Two-Minute Problems 38(1) Homework Problems 39(3) Answers to Exercises 42(2) The Particle Nature of Light 44(16) Chapter Overview 44(2) The Photoelectric Effect 46(1) Idealized Photoelectric Experiments 46(2) Predictions of the Wave Model 48(2) Confronting the Facts 50(1) The Photon Model of Light 51(4) Detecting Individual Photons 55(5) Two-Minute Problems 56(1) Homework Problems 57(1) Answers to Exercises 58(2) The Wave Nature of Matter 60(18) Chapter Overview 60(2) Subatomic Particles as Particles 62(1) The de Broglie Hypothesis 63(1) Preparing an Electron Beam 64(2) The Davisson-Germer Experiment 66(2) Electron Interference 68(1) Matter Waves 69(9) Two-Minute Problems 74(1) Homework Problems 74(2) Answers to Exercises 76(2) The Quantum Facts of Life 78(20) Chapter Overview 78(2) Particle or Wave? 80(1) Single-Quanton Interference 80(3) Implications 83(1) Desperately Seeking Trajectories 84(1) Spin Experiments 85(4) Complex Numbers 89(9) Two-Minute Problems 92(2) Homework Problems 94(2) Answers to Exercises 96(2) The Wavefunction 98(22) Chapter Overview 98(2) The Game of Quantum Mechanics 100(1) The Rules 101(5) The Wavefunction 106(4) Explaining the Two-Slit Experiment 110(2) The Collapse of the Wavefunction 112(8) Two-Minute Problems 114(1) Homework Problems 115(3) Answers to Exercises 118(2) Bound Systems 120(16) Chapter Overview 120(2) An Introduction to Bound Systems 122(1) Energy Eigenfunctions 123(1) A Quanton in a Box 124(3) The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 127(2) The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 129(7) Two-Minute Problems 132(1) Homework Problems 133(2) Answers to Exercises 135(1) Spectra 136(22) Chapter Overview 136(2) Energy-Level Diagrams 138(1) The Spontaneous Emission of Photons 139(1) Spectral Lines 139(3) Absorption Lines 142(2) The Physics of Spin 144(5) The Pauli Exclusion Principle 149(9) Two-Minute Problems 151(1) Homework Problems 152(3) Answers to Exercises 155(3) Understanding Atoms 158(16) Chapter Overview 158(2) Radial and Angular Waves 160(4) The Periodic Table 164(2) Selection Rules 166(3) Stimulated Emission and Lasers 169(5) Two-Minute Problems 171(1) Homework Problems 172(1) Answers to Exercises 173(1) The Schrodinger Equation 174(18) Chapter Overview 174(2) Generalizing the de Broglie Relation 176(1) Local Wavelength 177(2) Finding the Schrodinger Equation 179(1) Solving the Schrodinger Equation 180(3) A Numerical Algorithm 183(2) Using SchroSolver 185(7) Two-Minute Problems 188(1) Homework Problems 189(1) Answers to Exercises 190(2) Energy Eigenfunctions 192(20) Chapter Overview 192(2) How Energy Eigenfunctions Curve 194(2) Why Bound-State Energies Are Quantized 196(3) Tunneling 199(3) Sketching Energy Eigenfunctions 202(2) The Covalent Bond 204(8) Two-Minute Problems 206(1) Homework Problems 207(3) Answers to Exercises 210(2) Introduction to Nuclei 212(16) Chapter Overview 212(2) Introduction to Nuclear Structure 214(1) The Size of the Nucleus 215(2) The Strong Interaction 217(1) Binding Energy and Mass 218(4) Questions About Nuclear Stability 222(1) An Historical Overview of Radioactivity 223(5) Two-Minute Problems 225(1) Homework Problems 225(2) Answers to Exercises 227(1) Stable and Unstable Nuclei 228(16) Chapter Overview 228(2) The Weak Interaction 230(1) Why N ~ Z 231(2) Why N > Z for Large Nuclei 233(1) Classical Terms in the Binding Energy 234(2) The Asymmetry Term 236(2) Checking Against Reality 238(6) Two-Minute Problems 240(1) Homework Problems 241(1) Answers to Exercises 242(2) Radioactivity 244(20) Chapter Overview 244(2) Beta Decay 246(3) Alpha Decay 249(4) Gamma Decay 253(1) A Review of Exponentials and Logarithms 253(2) Decay Rates 255(9) Two-Minute Problems 259(1) Homework Problems 260(2) Answers to Exercises 262(2) Nuclear Technology 264(19) Chapter Overview 264(2) The Penetrating Ability of Radiation 266(1) The Biological Effects of Radiation 267(2) Uses of Radioactive Substances 269(1) Introduction to Nuclear Energy 270(2) Fission 272(5) Fusion 277(6) Two-Minute Problems 280(1) Homework Problems 280(2) Answers to Exercises 282(1) Glossary 283(8) Index 291