Socrates to Sartre and Beyond : A History of Philosophy

Preface xxi Part One ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY Chapter 1 Socrates' Predecessors 3 What is Permanent in Existence? 5 Thales 5 Anaximander 6 Anaximenes 8 The Mathematical Basis of All Things 9 Pythagoras 9 Attempts to Explain Change 12 Heraclitus 12 Parmenides 15 Zeno 17 Empedocles 19 Anaxagoras 21 The Atomists 22 Atoms and the Void 23 Theory of Knowledge and Ethics 25 Chapter 2 The Sophists and Socrates 26 The Sophists 26 Protagoras 28 Gorgias 29 Thrasymachus 30 Socrates 30 Socrates' Life 31 Socrates as a Philosopher 32 Socrates' Theory of Knowledge: Intellectual Midwifery 33 Socrates' Moral Thought 37 Socrates' Trial and Death 38 Chapter 3 Plato 41 Plato's Life 41 Theory of Knowledge 43 The Cave 43 The Divided Line 45 Theory of the Forms 49 Moral Philosophy 53 The Concept of the Soul 53 The Cause of Evil: Ignorance or Forgetfulness 55 Recovering Lost Morality 56 Virtue as Fulfillment of Function 57 Political Philosophy 58 The State as a Giant Person 58 The Philosopher-King 60 The Virtues in the State 61 The Decline of the Ideal State 62 View of the Cosmos 64 Chapter 4 Aristotle 68 Aristotle's Life 68 Logic 70 The Categories and the Starting Point of Reasoning 70 The Syllogism 71 Metaphysics 73