Sports Law

Preface xvii Introduction to Sports Law xxi Sports Agents 1(32) Introduction 1(1) Who Is a Sports Agent? 1(2) Qualifications to Become a Sports Agent 2(1) Professional Leagues 2(1) Formal Education to Become an Agent 3(1) General Agency Law Principles 3(1) Fiduciary Duties 4(1) History of Sports Agency 4(1) Agent Hierarchy 5(1) Agent Roles 5(1) Other Sports Clients 6(1) Agent Regulation 6(3) State Regulation of Sports Agents 7(1) Testing Sports Agents 7(2) Exhibit 1--1: Uniform Athlete Agents Act 9(7) Importance of Focus of Agent Laws 14(1) Violators of State Agent Laws 14(1) Statutory Framework 15(1) Sports Agent as Lawyer 15(1) Professional Codes of Ethics 15(1) Sports Agent Fees 16(1) States Regulating Fees 16(1) Regulation by Players Associations/Unions 17(1) NFLPA 17(1) MLBPA 17(1) NHLPA 18(1) NBPA 18(1) Breach of Fiduciary Duty 18(1) NCAA Student Athletes Turning Professional 18(2) Professional Sports Counseling Panels 19(1) Exhibit 1--2: Excerpt of NCAA Rules Governing Agents 20(8) Summary 28(1) Key Terms 29(1) Additional Cases 29(4) Sports Contracts 33(30) Introduction 33(1) Sports Agents and Contracts 33(1) Personal Services Nature of Sports Contracts 34(1) Public Nature of Sports Contracts 34(1) The Occupation of ``Athlete'' 34(1) General Contract Law Principles 35(3) Definition 35(1) Offer and Acceptance 35(1) Consideration 36(1) Statute of Frauds 36(1) Valid, Void, Voidable 37(1) Good Faith 37(1) Categories of Contracts 38(2) Team Contracts versus Individual Contracts 38(1) The Professional Services Contract 38(1) Endorsement Contracts 39(1) Appearance Contracts 39(1) Drafting the Sports Contract 40(7) Sports Contract Drafting Suggestions 40(7) Implied Contracts 47(1) Damages and Remedies for Breach 47(10) Types of Remedies 47(10) NCAA Contracts and Amateurism 57(3) Evolution of Amateurism 58(1) Other NCAA Contract Issues 59(1) Letter of Intent 59(1) Health Club Contracts 60(1) Major League Contracts 60(1) Summary 61(1) Key Terms 61(1) Additional Cases 62(1) Sports Torts 63(24) Introduction 63(1) General Tort Theories 64(2) Negligence 64(1) Contributory Negligence versus Comparative Negligence (Fault) 65(1) Gross Negligence and Recklessness 66(1) Spectator Injuries 66(3) No Fly Zones 69(1) Wrongful Death 69(1) Malpractice in Sports 69(8) Sports Officials 77(1) Workers Compensation 77(1) Insurance 78(1) Torts and Waivers 78(1) Ticket Stubs and Waivers 79(1) Minors and Waivers 79(1) Statutes of Limitation 79(1) Intentional Torts 80(1) Defamation of Character 80(1) Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations 81(1) Commercial Misappropriation 81(1) Products Liability 81(1) Strict Liability in Torts 82(1) Summary 82(1) Key Terms 83(1) Additional Cases 83(4) Sports Crimes 87(16) Introduction 87(1) Variety of Crimes 88(1) Relationship to Torts 88(1) Contact Sports 88(1) Crimes Unrelated to Sports Conduct 89(1) General Criminal Law Principles 89(2) Burden of Proof 89(1) Defenses to Crimes 89(1) Criminal Intent 90(1) Felony versus Misdemeanor 90(1) Assault and Battery 90(1) Sports Violence 91(1) Governmental Legislation 91(1) Internal League Controls 91(1) Crimes Agaist the Person 91(4) Illegitimate Sports Violence 91(2) Fans and Spectators 93(1) Sports Officials and Crimes 93(1) Sports Agent Crimes 94(1) Crimes Affecting the Public Health and Welfare 95(3) Ticket Scalping 95(1) Sports Gambling 96(1) Sports Bribery and Game Fixing 96(2) Crimes Against the Government 98(1) RICO 98(1) Illegal Drugs 98(1) Summary 99(1) Key Terms 99(1) Additional Cases 99(4) Title IX and Other Women's Issues 103(24) Introduction 103(1) Born from the Civil Rights Movement 103(1) College Sports 104(1) NCAA's Role in Promoting Compliance 105(1) Title IX Criticism 105(1) Grove City College v. Bell 105(1) Title IX Tests and Fundamentals 106(1) Test 1: Substantial Proportionality 106(1) Test 2: History of Expansion of Women's Programs 106(1) Test 3: Full and Effective Accommodation of Women's Interests 107(1) Evolution of Title IX 107(7) Cohen v. Brown University 107(6) NCAA v. Smith 113(1) Men and Title IX 114(1) Men's Programs Funding Women's Programs 114(1) Contact Sports Exception 114(1) Football 114(1) Men's Programs Cut Due to Title IX 115(1) General Accounting Office Releases Reports on Title IX 115(2) Report on Team Discontinuation 116(1) Other Women's Issues 117(7) Women Competing on Male Teams 117(1) Men Competing on Women's Teams 117(1) Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act 117(4) Equal Pay Act of 1963 121(1) Sexual Harassment 122(1) Family and Medical Leave Act 123(1) Health Clubs for Women Only 124(1) Summary 124(1) Key Terms 125(1) Additional Cases 125(2) Disabilities and Sports 127(36) Introduction 127(1) Relevant Statutes 127(1) High Schools 127(1) NCAA 128(1) The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 128(1) Proof of Discrimination under § 504 129(1) The Americans with Disabilities Act 129(3) Four Major ADA Categories 130(1) Reasonable Accommodation 130(1) What Is Impairment? 131(1) Undue Hardship 131(1) Not Covered 131(1) Proof of Discrimination under the ADA 131(1) Risks to Self and Other Participants 131(1) Role of EEOC 132(1) Alcohol and Other Drugs 132(1) Golfers and other Professional Sports 132(6) Possible Unfair Advantage 137(1) Martin's Supreme Court Decision 138(1) The Olinger Case 138(1) The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 138(22) Specific Disabilities 159(1) Age Limits and Eligibility 160(1) Age Discrimination in Employment Act 160(1) Summary 161(1) Key Terms 161(1) Additional Cases 162(1) Drugs and Sports 163(28) Introduction 163(1) Performance-Enhancing versus Illegal Drugs 163(1) Constitutional Framework 164(15) Fourth Amendment 164(1) Fifth Amendment 165(1) Fourteenth Amendment 165(14) NCAA Regulation 179(1) Professional Sports 179(1) National Football League 180(1) The Olympic Games 180(2) International Olympic Committee Policies 180(1) Significant Historical Perspectives in Drug Testing 181(1) EXHIBIT 7--1: International Olympic Committee List of Banned Substances 182(7) Recent Drug Concerns: HGH and EPO 188(1) United States 188(1) Summary 189(1) Key Terms 189(1) Additional Cases 189(2) International Sports Issues 191(28) Introduction 191(1) Competition for and During the Olympic Games 192(1) American Legal Challenges 192(1) The Olympic Movement 192(1) International Political Landscape of the Olympic Games 193(1) 1980 Boycott 193(1) Recent Politics 193(1) Olympic Structural Hierarchy 194(3) The International Olympic Committee 194(1) IOC Supremacy 194(1) International Federations 195(1) The National Olympic Committee 195(1) National Governing Bodies 195(2) The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 197(1) The 1998 Amendments to the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 198(1) International Legal Cases 198(17) 1980 U.S. Boycott of the Moscow Olympic Games 198(1) Butch Reynolds's Battle Royal 199(12) The Tonya Harding's Legal Adventure 211(1) The 2000 Sydney Olympics 212(1) The 2002 Salt Lake City Olympic Games 213(1) Olympic Trademarks and the Internet 214(1) Summary 215(1) Key Terms 215(1) Additional Cases 216(3) Antitrust and Labor Issues in Sports 219(22) Introduction 219(1) The Federal Laws 220(2) Sherman Act 220(1) Clayton Act 220(1) Norris-LaGuardia Act 221(1) National Labor Relations Act 221(1) National Labor Relations Board 221(1) Judicial Analysis 222(1) Per Se Rule Analysis 222(1) Rule of Reason Analysis 222(1) Nonstatutory Labor Exemption 222(1) Mandatory Subjects of Collective Bargaining 223(1) Strikes and Lockouts 223(1) Antitrust in Professional Sports 223(1) Single Entity Structure 223(1) Historical Perspectives 224(15) Baseball 224(1) Football 225(6) Basketball 231(1) Hockey 232(1) Competitor Leagues 232(1) NCAA and Amateur Sports Cases 233(6) Summary 239(1) Key Terms 239(1) Additional Cases 239(2) Intellectual Property Issues in Sports 241(16) Introduction 241(1) History 241(2) Copyright Law 241(1) Fair Use 242(1) Patent Law 242(1) Trademark Law 242(1) Lanham Act 243(1) Licensing Trademarks 243(1) Protecting the Trademark 244(1) Licensing Revenues 244(1) Mascots and Trademarks 244(6) Ethnic Mascots 250(2) Recent Changes Involving Mascots 251(1) The Future of Ethnic Mascots 251(1) Ambush Marketing 252(1) The Internet and the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act 252(1) Cybersquatters 253(1) Summary 253(1) Key Terms 253(1) Additional Cases 254(3) Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sports 257(20) Introduction 257(1) ADR Generally 257(1) Federal and State Models 258(1) Important Federal Laws 259(1) Arbitration 259(1) The American Arbitration Association 260(1) Mediation 261(1) Med-Arb/Arb-Med and Minitrials 262(1) Constitutional Concerns 262(1) ADR in Professional Sports 263(1) ADR in Amateur Sports 264(2) National Collegiate Athletic Association 264(1) The United States Olympic Committee 265(1) International ADR: Court of Arbitration for Sport 265(1) Olympic ADR Cases 266(1) Dispute Resolution and Cyberspace 266(1) World Intellectual Property Organization 266(1) ADR Cases 267(6) Jessica Foschi 271(1) Ros Rebagliati 271(1) Matt Lindland 272(1) Apolo Ohno 272(1) Summary 273(1) Key Terms 273(1) Additional Cases 274(3) Religion and Sports 277(8) Introduction 277(1) First Amendment 278(1) Prayers Before Sports Contests 278(1) Prayers at Graduation Ceremonies 278(1) Three Tests 279(1) Sports-Related Cases 279(2) Chaudhuri 279(1) Santa Fe 280(1) Adler 280(1) The Future of Prayer at Sporting Events 281(1) Individual Athletes and Religious Expression 281(1) No Clear-Cut Answers 282(1) Summary 282(1) Key Terms 283(1) Additional Cases 283(2) Appendix A: Internet Resources 285(4) Appendix B: Amendments to the United States Constitution 289(8) Glossary 297(8) Index 305