Novelline, Robert A.

Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology

Basic Concepts 1(12) Radiodensity as a Function of Thickness 7(1) Radiodensity as a Function of Composition, with Thickness Kept Constant 7(2) How Roentgen Shadows Instruct You about Form 9(1) Radiographs as Summation Shadowgrams 10(2) The Imaging Techniques 12(30) Thinking Three-Dimensionally about Plain Films 12(1) The Routine Posteroanterior (PA) Film 13(1) PA and AP Chest Films Compared 14(2) The Lateral Chest Film 16(1) The Lordotic View 17(3) Conventional Tomography 20(2) Radiographs of Coronal Slices of a Frozen Cadaver 22(2) Conventional Tomograms of the Living Patient in the Coronal Plane 24(2) Fluoroscopy 26(2) Angiography 28(1) Computed Tomography 29(4) Reformatted CT Images in Coronal, Sagittal, and Other Planes and Three-Dimensional CT 33(1) CT Angiography 34(1) Ultrasound 34(2) Magnetic-Resonance Imaging 36(3) Radioisotope Scanning 39(3) Normal Radiological Anatomy 42(38) How to Study the Chest 80(12) Projection 82(2) The Rib Cage 84(2) Confusing Shadows Produced by Rotation 86(2) The Importance of Exposure 88(2) Soft Tissues 90(2) The Lung 92(20) The Normal Lung 92(4) Variations in Pulmonary Vascularity 96(4) The Pulmonary Microcirculation 100(1) Variations in the Pulmonary Microcirculation 101(1) Solitary and Disseminated Lesions in the Lung 102(2) Air-Space and Interstitial Disease 104(2) The Importance of Clinical Findings 106(1) High-Resolution CT of the Lung 106(6) Lung Consolidations and Pulmonary Nodules 112(14) Consolidation of a Whole Lung 112(2) Consolidation of One Lobe 114(6) Consolidation of Only a Part of One Lobe 120(3) Solitary and Multiple Pulmonary Nodules 123(3) The Diaphragm, the Pleural Space, and Pulmonary Embolism 126(16) Pleural Effusion 131(3) Pneumothorax 134(2) Pulmonary Embolic Disease 136(2) Radioisotope Perfusion and Ventilation Lung Scans 138(2) Pulmonary Embolism CT 140(2) Lung Overexpansion, Lung Collapse, and Mediastinal Shift 142(20) Emphysema 144(2) Normal Mediastinal Position 146(2) Mediastinal Shift 148(14) The Mediastinum 162(16) Mediastinal Compartments and Masses Arising within Them 168(4) Anterior Mediastinal Masses 172(2) Anterior and Middle Mediastinal Masses 174(2) Posterior Mediastinal Masses 176(2) The Heart 178(38) Measurement of Heart Size 178(4) Factors Limiting Measurement of Heart Size 182(2) Examples of Apparent Abnormality in Heart Size and Difficulties in Measuring 184(2) Interpretation of the Measurably Enlarged Heart Shadow 186(2) Enlargement of the Left or Right Ventricle 188(1) The Heart in Failure 189(3) Variations in Pulmonary Blood Flow 192(1) Cardiac Calcification 193(1) The Anatomy of the Heart Surface 194(2) Identifying Right and Left Anterior Oblique Views 196(1) The Anatomy of the Heart Interior 196(2) Coronary Arteriography 198(2) Classic Changes in Shape with Chamber Enlargement 200(4) Nuclear Cardiac Imaging 204(3) MR Images of the Heart 207(5) Cardiac CT 212(4) How to Study the Abdomen 216(34) The Plain Film Radiograph 216(2) Identifying Parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract 218(3) Identifying Fat Planes 221(3) Identifying Various Kinds of Abnormal Densities 224(4) Systematic Study of the Plain Film 228(13) CT of the Abdomen 241(5) Ultrasound of the Abdomen 246(4) Bowel Gas Patterns, Free Fluid, and Free Air 250(18) The Distended Stomach 250(1) The Distended Colon 251(2) The Distended Small Bowel 253(4) Differentiating Large-Bowel and Small-Bowel Obstruction from Paralytic Ileus 257(3) Free Peritoneal Fluid 260(4) Free Peritoneal Air 264(4) Contrast Study and CT of the Gastrointestinal Tract 268(34) Principles of Barium Work 268(2) Normal Variation versus a Constant Filling Defect 270(2) The Components of the Upper GI Series 272(4) Rigidity of the Wall 276(2) Filling Defects and Intraluminal Masses in the Stomach and Small Bowel 278(4) Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers 282(4) The Barium Enema 286(2) Filling Defects and Intraluminal Masses in the Colon 288(2) CT of the Gastrointestinal Tract 290(2) CT of the Thickened Bowel Wall 292(1) CT of Diverticular Disease 293(3) CT of Appendicitis 296(2) CT of Bowel Obstruction 298(2) CT of Bowel Ischemia 300(2) The Abdominal Organs 302(52) The Liver 302(2) Liver Metastases 304(2) Primary Tumors of the Liver 306(2) Hepatic Cysts and Abscesses 308(2) Liver Trauma 310(3) Cirrhosis, Splenomegaly, and Ascites 313(1) Splenic Trauma 314(2) Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis 316(5) Obstruction of the Biliary Tree 321(3) The Pancreas 324(2) Pancreatic Tumors 326(4) Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Abscesses 330(2) Pancreatic Trauma 332(1) The Urinary Tract 333(3) Obstructive Uropathy 336(5) Cystic Disease of the Kidneys 341(2) Urinary Tract Infection 343(1) Renal Tumors 344(2) Intravenous Contrast Materials 346(1) Renal Trauma 346(2) The Urinary Bladder 348(2) The Adrenal Glands 350(4) The Musculoskeletal System 354(56) How to Study Radiographs of Bones 354(6) Requesting Films of Bones 360(2) Fractures 362(6) Fracture Clinic 368(5) Dislocations and Subluxations 373(2) Osteomyelitis 375(1) Arthritis 376(4) Osteonecrosis 380(2) Microscopic Bone Structure and Maintenance 382(2) The Development of Metabolic Bone Disease 384(4) Osteoporosis of the Spine 388(2) Spine Fractures 390(4) Osteomyelitis of the Spine 394(2) Metastatic Bone Tumors 396(6) Primary Bone Tumors 402(5) Musculoskeletal MR Imaging 407(3) Men, Women, and Children 410(56) The Female Breast 410(5) The Female Pelvis 415(7) Gynecological Conditions 422(5) Obstetrical Imaging 427(3) Ectopic Pregnancy 430(2) Placenta Previa 432(1) Placental Abruption 432(1) The Scrotum 433(7) The Prostate 440(3) The Male Urethra 443(3) Croup and Epiglottitis 446(2) Pneumonia, Bronchiolitis, and Bronchitis 448(2) Cystic Fibrosis 450(2) Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis 452(2) Ileocolic Intussusception 454(1) Hirschsprung's Disease 455(1) Abdominal Masses in Infants and Children 456(1) Normal Pediatric Bones 457(1) Fractures in Children 458(2) Child Abuse 460(2) Pediatric Cranial Ultrasound 462(4) The Vascular System 466(52) Conventional Arteriography 466(4) Digital Subtraction Angiography 470(2) Conventional Venography 472(1) Ultrasound and Color Doppler Ultrasound 473(2) MR Angiography 475(3) CT Angiography 478(2) Arterial Anatomy 480(4) Aortic Aneurysm 484(7) Aortic Dissection 491(4) Traumatic Aortic Injury 495(1) Atherosclerotic Arterial Occlusive Disease 496(6) Renovascular Hypertension 502(2) Venous Anatomy 504(3) Obstruction of the Superior Vena Cava 507(1) Disorders of the Inferior Vena Cava 508(2) Deep Venous Thrombosis of the Lower Extremities 510(8) The Central Nervous System 518(44) Imaging Techniques 518(6) CT Anatomy of the Normal Brain 524(3) MR Anatomy of the Normal Brain 527(2) CT and MR Compared 529(3) Hydrocephalus, Brain Atrophy, and Intracranial Hemorrhage 532(3) Normal Cerebral Arteriography 535(1) Head Trauma 536(4) Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke 540(4) Brain Tumors 544(4) Cerebral Aneurysm and Arteriovenous Malformation 548(2) The Face 550(6) Low Back Pain and Lumbar Disc Syndrome 556(2) Spinal Tumors 558(4) Interventional Radiology 562(32) Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty 562(5) Transcatheter Embolization 567(3) Angiographic Diagnosis and Control of Acute Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage 570(2) Inferior Vena Cava Filters 572(2) Image-Guided Venous Access 574(1) Percutaneous Aspiration Needle Biopsy of the Thorax 575(1) Percutaneous Aspiration Needle Biopsy of the Abdomen 576(1) Percutaneous Abscess Drainage 577(2) Percutaneous Gastrostomy and Jejunostomy 579(1) Radiofrequency Ablation 579(3) Percutaneous Cholecystotomy 582(2) Radiological Management of Urinary Tract Obstruction 584(3) Uterine Fibroid Embolization 587(3) Interventional Neuroradiology 590(2) Vertebroplasty 592(2) The Latest in Diagnostic Imaging 594(15) Virtual Colonoscopy and Virtual Bronchoscopy 594(2) Coronary Calcium Scoring 596(2) Coronary CT Angiography 598(1) Three-Dimensional Ultrasound 599(1) Fusion Imaging with PET-CT 600(2) Functional MR Imaging 602(1) Molecular Imaging 603(6) Answers to Unknowns 609(6) Acknowledgments 615(4) Index 619