Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin

List of Figures vii List of Color Plates viii List of Maps x Preface xi Acknowledgments xii Abbreviation xvii Projectile Point Identification Key xviii Introduction 1(2) California and the Great Basin Projectile Point Types and Type Clusters: The Organizational Concept for the Book 3(12) Morphological Correlates of Types and Clusters 7(1) Age and Cultural Affiliation of Projectile Point Types 8(1) Dating Methods 8(3) Linking Prehistoric Cultures to Known Indian Groups 11(1) Divisions of Time and Culture 12(1) Projectile Point Type Distributions 13(2) Illustration and Photography of Projectile Points 15(1) Metrical Classification of Projectile Points 16(2) Projectile Point Manufacture 18(23) Lithic Raw Materials for Tool Making 24(1) Geologic Phenomena Described and Explained in Native Legends 25(3) Native Stone Quarries, Utilization, and Trade 28(4) Projectile Point Hafting Methods and Prehistoric Darts 32(9) Weapon Technology and Use 41(18) Prehistoric Atlatl Technology: Spear Throwing Devices 41(5) Organic Residues Preserved on Prehistoric Tools 46(1) Bow and Arrow Technology 47(7) Descriptions of Traditional Bows 54(1) Evidence for a Change in Technology from Atlatl to Bow and Arrow 55(4) The Earliest Americans: Is There A Pre-Clovis Occupation? 59(8) Projectile Point Type Descriptions Clovis Cluster 67(13) Clovis 67(13) Lanceolate Plano Cluster 80(5) Black Rock Concave Base 80(5) Great Basin Stemmed Cluster 85(16) Lake Mojave 86(12) Silver Lake 98(3) Borax Lake Cluster 101(15) Borax Lake Widestem 101(11) Stanislaus Broad Stem 112(4) Crescent Cluster 116(9) Lunate Crescent 119(2) Winged Crescent 121(1) Eccentric Crescent 122(3) Pinto Cluster 125(23) Pinto 126(16) Gatecliff Split Stem 142(6) Humboldt Cluster 148(20) Humboldt 148(14) Buchanan Eared 162(3) Mendocino Concave Base 165(3) Northern Side Notched Cluster 168(13) Northern Side Notched 168(10) Sudden Side Notched 178(3) Pacific Coast Side Notched Cluster 181(14) Jalama Side Notched 181(9) Diablo Canyon Side Notched 190(2) Albion Head Side Notched 192(3) Big Valley Cluster 195(12) Big Valley Stemmed 195(8) Kelsey Creek Barbed 203(2) Cache Creek Corner Notched 205(1) Mayacmas Corner Notched 206(1) Rossi Cluster 207(8) Rossi Straight Stem and Rossi Expanding Stem 208(7) Martis Cluster 215(16) Martis Corner Notched 215(10) Foresthill Notched 225(2) Tuolumne Notched 227(2) Hot Creek Stemmed 229(2) Willits Cluster 231(5) Willits Side Notched 231(5) McGillivray Cluster 236(5) McGillivray Expanding Stem 236(5) Coastal Contracting Stem Cluster 241(35) Vandenberg Contracting Stem 242(21) Channel Islands Barbed 263(2) Houx Contracting Stem 265(4) Excelsior 269(7) Sierra Contracting Stem Cluster 276(14) Sierra Contracting Stem 276(9) Steamboat Lanceolate 285(2) Yosemite Contracting Stem 287(1) Norden Basal Notched 288(2) Gypsum Cluster 290(8) Gypsum 291(7) Elko Cluster 298(22) Elko Eared 298(12) Elko Corner Notched 310(10) Rosegate Cluster 320(19) Rose Spring Corner Notched 320(10) Eastgate Expanding Stem 330(6) Parowan Basal Notched 336(3) Need Cluster 339(5) Need Stemmed Lanceolate 339(5) Alamo Cluster 344(3) Alamo Stemmed 344(3) Contra Costa Cluster 347(5) Contra Costa Notched 347(5) Stockton Cluster 352(11) Stockton Parallel Stem 352(1) Stockton Notched Leaf 353(6) Stockton Corner Notched 359(1) Stockton Expanded Stem 360(1) Stockton Curve 361(2) Malaga Cove Cluster 363(4) Malaga Cove Leaf 363(4) Western Triangular Cluster 367(12) Cottonwood Triangular 367(6) Bull Creek 373(2) Canalino Triangular 375(3) Price Ranch Triangular 378(1) Desert Side Notched Cluster 379(23) Desert Side Notched 379(9) Sierra Side Notched 388(5) Delta Side Notched 393(2) Redding Side Notched 395(3) Bear River Side Notched 398(1) Panoche Side Notched 399(3) Rattlesnake Cluster 402(8) Rattlesnake Corner Notched and Clear Lake Corner Notched 402(6) Round Valley Corner Notched 408(2) Gunther Cluster 410(11) Gunther Barbed 410(11) Appendix: Projectile Point Measurements 421(22) Bibliography 443(84) Index 527