Suleiman, Yasir

The Arabic Language and National Identity : A Study in Ideology

Acknowledgements viii The Arabic Language and National Identity: Aims and Scope Aims of the Study: The Disciplinary Context 1(3) What is National Identity? 4(5) Theoretical and Empirical Scope 9(3) Organization of this Book 12(4) Setting the Scene Definition: The Achilles Heel 16(4) Two Modes of Defining the Nation 20(3) Two Types of Nation, Two Types of Nationalism 23(4) Language and National Identity 27(6) Conclusion 33(5) The Past Lives On Introduction 38(4) In Praise of Arabic 42(5) Hikmat al-' Arab: Wisdom of the Arabs 47(2) Lahn: Solecism 49(6) `Ajam and `Arab 55(9) The Arabs as a Nation (umma): Further Evidence 64(2) Conclusion 66(3) The Arabic Language Unites Us Introduction 69(1) From Ottomanism to Turkism: The Turkification of the Ottoman Turks 70(9) From Ottomanism to Arabism: Preliminary Remarks 79(17) The Placards 82(3) Resisting Linguistic Turkification 85(4) The Intellectuals Speak 89(7) Ibrahim al-Yaziji: From Immediate Aims to Underlying Motives 96(13) Conclusion 109(4) Arabic, First and Foremost Introduction 113(4) Under the Banner of Arabic 117(9) Sati al-Husri: Arabic, First and Foremost 126(20) Populism: A Question of Style 126(2) Nation, Language and Education 128(3) Defining the Arab Nation 131(3) Arab Nationalism and the Ideologization of Language 134(6) Nation, Language and Religion 140(2) Between the Standard and the Dialects: The Case for Linguistic Reforms 142(4) Zaki al-Arsuzi: The Genius of the Arab Nation Inheres in its Language 146(12) Conclusion 158(4) The Arabic Language and Territorial Nationalism Introduction 162(2) The Arabic Language and Territorial Nationalism: Antun Sa'ada and Regional Syrian Nationalism 164(5) The Arabic Language and Egyptian Nationalism: Early Beginnings 169(5) The Arabic Language and Egyptian Nationalism: Full Elaboration 174(30) The Arabic Language and Egyptian Nationalism: Salama Musa 180(10) The Arabic Language and Egyptian Nationalism: Taha Husayn 190(7) The Arabic Language and Egyptian Nationalism: Luwis `Awad 197(7) The Arabic Language and Lebanese Nationalism: A General Introduction 204(15) The Arabic Language and Lebanese Nationalism: `Abdalla Lahhud 207(3) The Arabic Language and Lebanese Nationalism: Kamal Yusuf al-Hajj 210(9) Conclusion 219(5) Conclusion: Looking Back, Looking Forward The Arabic Language and National Identity: Looking Back 224(4) The Arabic Language and National Identity: Looking Forward 228(4) Notes 232(17) Bibliography Works in Arabic Cited in the Text 249(11) Works in Other Languages Cited in the Text 260(10) Index 270