The Art of War in Western World

Introduction xvii Ancient Warfare 1(91) Tactics 2(1) Hand-to-Hand Combat on Foot 2(4) Combat on Foot with Missiles 6(2) Mounted Combat 8(2) Fortification and Siegecraft 10(4) Greek Heavy Infantry against Persian Light Infantry and Cavalry 14(5) Greek Light Infantry in Combat with Greek Heavy Infantry 19(2) Alexander's Conquests with a Complete Combined-Arms Army 21(5) The Roman Art of War 26(2) The Romans in Confrontation with the Alexandrian System of Pyrrhus and Hannibal 28(4) The Roman Victories with the Alexandrian System 32(2) The Roman Legion Perfected 34(1) The Romans against the Mounted Parthians 35(4) Summary of the Capabilities of the Four Weapon Systems 39(6) Logistics 45(1) The Provision of Soldiers and Supplies 45(4) Logistics Illustrated by Alexander's Persian Campaign 49(5) Strategy 54(1) Persisting and Raiding Strategies Distinguished 54(3) Alexander's Campaign: An Exemplification of Combat, Logistic, and Persisting Strategies 57(5) Alexander's Encounter with a Raiding Strategy 62(3) Military Victories without Political Support: Hannibal's Experience with the Fabian Strategy 65(5) A Rare Instance of the Use of Interior Lines of Operations in Ancient Times 70(2) Caesar's Strategy in the Conquest of Gaul 72(3) Caesar's Ilerda Campaign: An Unusual Occurrence of the Turning Movement 75(5) Caesar's Campaign against Pompey 80(12) Summary of Warfare on Land 81(5) Naval Warfare 86(6) The Diversity of the Medieval Ways of War, 200--1200 92(56) The Dissolution of the Roman Empire 92(1) Changes in Military Organization and Tactical Emphasis 93(2) Least Effort Exemplified: Byzantine Tactics and Strategy 95(7) The Stirrup's Enhancement of the Effectiveness of Cavalry 102(2) Western Europe's Struggle against Raiders 104(5) William's Combined-Arms Army in the Conquest of England 109(5) Attack and Defense of Fortifications 114(4) Medieval Tactics 118(5) Medieval Strategy: The Evesham and Bouvines Campaigns 123(4) Examples of an Offensive Persisting Strategy against Raiders 127(7) Combined-Arms Combat in the Crusades 134(8) Jenghiz Khan and Mongol Warfare 142(2) Summary of Medieval Tactics and Strategy 144(4) The Emergence of a New Combined-Arms Tactical Synthesis, 1200--1600 148(66) The French Version of Medieval Warfare 148(2) Changes in Logistics 150(1) Changes in Weapons 151(3) Persisting Strategy and the Completion of the English Conquest of Wales 154(2) The English Combined-Arms Tactical System in Scotland 156(5) The Beginning of the Hundred Years' War and the Crecy Campaign 161(4) The Hundred Years' War: English Raids and French Persisting Strategy 165(4) English Persisting Strategy in the Last Phase of the Hundred Years' War 169(4) The Experience of the English Tactical System in Spain 173(1) The Wagenburg 174(1) The Swiss Heavy Infantry 175(3) The Least Effort Warfare of the Italian Condottieri 178(4) Regional Tactical Systems in Conflict: The French Invasion of Italy 182(4) The Search for a Combined-Arms Synthesis: Italian Battles, 1512-25 186(4) The Spanish Combined-Arms Tactics 190(4) The New Fortifications 194(1) Another Influence of Technology on Tactics 195(4) The Manpower System in 1600 199(3) Sixteenth-Century Battles, Campaigns, and Strategy 202(7) Revolution in Naval Tactics and Logistics 209(5) The New Tactical Synthesis in Transition, 1600--1700 214(53) The Logistics of the Thirty Years' War 214(7) Gustavus Adolphus's Development of the Dutch Tactical System 221(2) Gustavus's Persisting Strategy and Employment of Distraction 223(9) Gustavus's Exploitation of the Triumph of His Linear System at Brietenfeld 232(5) Gustavus against Wallenstein: Logistic and Combat Strategies 237(6) The Impact of Gustavus's Tactics 243(9) The Logistics of the Late Seventeenth Century 252(4) Representative Late Seventeenth-Century Campaigns and Battles 256(7) The Development of Missile Warfare at Sea 263(4) The Primacy of the Line of Bayoneted Muskets, 1700--1791 267(53) The Bayonet, the Flintlock, and Further Changes in Tactics 267(5) Eighteenth-Century Logistics 272(2) The Strategy and Tactics of Marlborough's Campaigns 274(9) Persisting Strategy in North Italy 283(6) The Evolution of the Linear System 289(5) Tactics and Strategy as Exemplified in the Silesian Wars of Frederick the Great 294(3) The Seven Years' War: Tactics and Strategy in Defense against the Logistic Effects of a Persisting Strategy 297(11) Changes in Attrition in Relation to the Composition of Armies 308(1) Significant Developments in French Military Thought 309(8) Warfare in the Western Hemisphere 317(1) Warfare at Sea 318(2) Tactical and Strategic Transformation in the Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1791--1815 320(67) The Tactics and Strategy of the Opening Campaigns in the North 320(10) The Advent of General Bonaparte 330(7) The Strategic Turning Movement of the Marengo Campaign 337(5) Napoleonic Operations on a Larger Scale: The Strategic Turning Movement of Ulm and Distraction and Concentration at Austerlitz 342(5) Some Characteristics of Napoleon's Campaigns 347(4) The Augmented Significance of Numerical Superiority 351(2) Some Later Napoleonic Campaigns 353(5) Operations in Spain: The French Encounter the Raiding Strategy of Guerrilla Warfare 358(9) The Foundations of the French Conquests 367(5) The Military Legacy of the Napoleonic Era 372(5) The Tactics of Warfare at Sea 377(4) The Strategy of Warfare at Sea 381(6) Technological Change and Doctrinal Stability, 1815--1914 387(47) The Continuation of the Napoleonic Tradition in Radetzky's Victories 387(3) The Midcentury's New Infantry Weapons 390(2) The Prussian Staff and Manpower System 392(4) The New Prussian Army in Action against Austria 396(2) Decisive Turning Movements in the Franco-Prussian War 398(9) A Summary of the Tactics, Logistics, and Strategy of the Franco-Prussian War 407(2) The Strategy of the American Civil War 409(9) Two Instances of Combating the Raiding Strategy of Guerrilla Warfare 418(1) European Weapons, Armies, and Doctrine on the Eve of World War I 419(4) The Revolution in Naval Materiel and its Use in the Russo-Japanese War 423(11) The Apogee of the Defense: World War I, 1914--18 434(55) The German Concentration on Interior Lines and Effort to Turn the French 434(5) The Tactical, Logistical, and Strategic Conditions of the War 439(2) The German Exploitation of Interior Lines and a Turning Movement to Defeat the Russians 441(2) The Opening Naval Campaigns 443(3) Allied Naval Predominance Confirmed: The Battle of Jutland 446(1) The Submarine as a Commerce Raider 447(2) The Dominance of Artillery in the Siege Warfare on Land 449(1) The Development and Utility of Air Forces 450(6) The Tactics of Trench Warfare 456(3) The War in 1915 and 1916 459(4) The Search for a Technological Solution to the Tactical Deadlock 463(4) The German Quest for Victory through a Logistic Strategy Using Submarines 467(1) The New German Method of Defense 467(5) The New German Doctrine for Attack 472(3) The Campaigns of 1918 on the Western Front 475(5) A Turning Movement through Superior Mobility: The Megiddo Campaign 480(3) Summary of the Changes in Weapons, Tactics, and Logistics 483(6) Prelude to Renewed Conflict, 1919--39 489(19) The Full Development of Four New Weapon Systems 489(8) The French in Morocco: New Weapons and Old Strategy 497(4) Tactical and Strategic Use of Aircraft 501(1) A Russian Cannae 501(1) The Navies' Response to the New Weapons 502(2) Doctrinal Diversity 504(4) The Climax of Modern Warfare: World War II, 1939--45 508(88) The German Victory over Poland 508(2) The French and German Armies 510(8) French and German Plans 518(2) The New German Offensive Plan 520(3) The German Breakthrough in May 1940 523(11) The Causes of the German Breakthrough 534(1) The German Turning Movement 535(4) The German Victory: Napoleonic Warfare with Four Weapon Systems 539(5) Air Power in a Decisive Role: The Battle of Britain 544(4) The Strategic and Tactical Conditions of the Russo-German War 548(4) The Strategic Envelopments of the 1941 Campaign in Russia 552(5) The Debacle of the German Logistic Strategy of 1942 and the Conclusion of the Russo-German War 557(2) Distraction, Concentration, and Turning Movement Again: The Landing and Campaign in Normandy 559(4) The British Inauguration of Mounted Warfare in North Africa and the Defeat of the Italians 563(2) The Warfare of the Mounted British and German Armies 565(4) New and Improved Weapons 569(7) The Interaction of Technology with Strategy 576(2) Strategic Bombing 578(5) Combat at Sea with Two Types of Capital Ships 583(6) The German Submarine Campaign 589(7) After the World Wars: Consolidation and Technological Change, 1945--85 596(17) Changes in Weapons 596(5) The All-Mounted Army 601(1) The Israeli-Egyptian War of 1973 602(7) The Tactical Mixture of Old and New 609(4) Continuity and Change 613(104) Sea and Air Warfare 613(1) Chronological Survey 613(3) Recapitulation of the Characteristics of Naval Warfare 616(3) Summary of the Attributes of Aircraft in Warfare 619(3) Tactics 622(1) Chronological Summary 622(7) Technology and the Four Basic Weapon Systems 629(1) The Economics of Force Composition 630(4) The Role of Articulation and Offensive Troops in Concentrating against Weakness 634(4) Battles and Casualties 638(5) Logistics 643(1) Chronological Overview 643(2) Alternative Manpower Systems 645(3) Strategy 648(1) Chronological Summary 648(14) The Classifications of Military Strategy 662(4) The Influence of the Ratio of Force to Space 666(1) The Supremacy of Retreat Over Pursuit 667(1) Concentration against Weakness, Distraction, and the Principles of War 668(2) Compelling the Enemy to Fight, Turning Movements, and Concentration in Space and Time 670(5) The Nature and Objectives of a Raiding Strategy 675(4) Guerrilla Warfare as an Application of Raiding Strategy 679(2) Defense and Offense against Guerrilla Warfare 681(9) Summary of Alternatives Confronting Commanders 690(14) Continuity and Change 704(13) Notes 717(8) Index 725