The Culture of Extinction : Toward a Philosophy of Deep Ecology

Introduction: Eating the Snake's Eggs 15(14) PART ONE: THE CULTURE OF EXTINCTION 1. Ecocide! 29(40) Global Warming and Climate Change 29(13) The Current Situation 29(8) Global Warming's Critics 37(3) Shared Responsibility 40(2) Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 42(3) Biological Holocaust 45(24) Human Takeover of Net Primary Production 46(1) Biodiversity Drawdown 47(2) Habitat Destruction and Ecosystem Collapse 49(21) Toxic Pollution 50(3) Deforestation 53(2) Ocean Degradation 55(3) Arable Land Loss 58(3) Urban Sprawl 61(8) 2. Anthropocentrism and Human Chauvinism: A Critical Analysis 69(24) The 'Natural Need' Argument 69(1) The 'Human Superiority' Argument 70(12) The Theistic 'Human Superiority' Argument 71(2) The Secular 'Human Superiority' Argument 73(9) The Argument from the Putative 'Anthropocentric Predicament' 82(4) Arguments Tied to False Notions of Progress 86(7) The Cornucopian Argument 86(2) The Sanctity-of-Capitalism Argument 88(5) 3. The Old Ways: Roots of Wisdom and Transformation 93(32) Toward an Ecological Philosophy of Culture and History 93(11) Recovering the Old Ways 104(21) Old-Ways Economics 109(3) Old-Ways Social Organization 112(1) Shamanic Religion-of-Place 113(12) PART TWO: THE LIES OF MILLENNIA: HOW HUMANS BECAME ECOCIDAL 4. Neolithic Horticulture and the Transition to Agriculture 125(16) Goddess-Religion of Neolithic "Old Europe" 128(2) Culture-Memories of Pre-agrarian Freedom 130(11) The Age of Perfect Unity 132(3) The Races of Gold and Silver 135(1) Adam and Eve 136(5) 5. Patriarchy, Religion, and Early Greek Philosophy 141(30) Patriarchy Emergent 142(3) Imposition of Patriarchal Greek Religion 145(7) Devaluation of Nature in Early Greek Philosophy 152(4) Greek Nihilism 156(3) Platonic Philosophy as Rationalized Mystery Religion 159(12) 6. Nature-Religion and Anthropocentrism in the Hebrew Bible 171(16) Yahwism versus Nature-Religion in Biblical Judaism 173(6) Genesis's Anthropocentric Framing of Nature 179(8) 7. Early Christian Antinaturalism 187(22) Anticipations of Christianity in Late-Biblical Judaism 187(5) Yeshua of Nazareth, Jewish Reformer 192(5) Early Christianity as a Mystery Religion 197(5) New Testament Demonology and Satan's Earthly Dominion 202(2) Christianity's War on Goddess-Religion and Religion-of-Place 204(5) 8. Modernity: The Culture of Extinction's Golden Age 209(22) Emergent Capitalism: Turning the Earth into Resources 210(4) Renaissance, Reformation, and Modern Nation-State 214(4) Rise of Modern Industry 218(3) Locke's Justification of Earth's Unlimited Appropriation 221(10) 9. Modernism: Legitimation of Capitalism, Science, and Philosophy 231(36) Bacon's Idealized Inductive Science 232(3) Galileo's Reduction of Nature to Mathematics 235(3) Descartes's Mathematical Model of Truth 238(9) Newtonian Science: The Cognitive Face of Commodity Exchange 247(7) Empiricism: Misguided Mechanism of the Mind 254(13) 10. Modern Nihilism 267(40) Nietzsche, Nihilism, and the Death of "God" 267(6) Passive Nihilism in Capitalism and Neoclassical Economics 273(5) Active Nihilism in Nineteenth-Century Russia 278(3) Active Nihilism in Behaviorist Psychology 281(3) Active Nihilism in Positivist Philosophy of Science 284(3) Active Nihilism in Positivist Ethical Theory 287(8) Complete or Perfect Nihilism in Nietzsche's "Zarathustra" 295(12) PART THREE: "FAITHFUL TO THE EARTH" 11. American Reform Environmentalism 307(14) Pinchot's Resource Conservationism 308(2) Muir's Pantheistic Preservationism 310(5) Leopold's "Land Ethic" 315(6) 12. Updating Malthus Ecologically 321(18) Malthusian Analysis versus Malthusian Politics 321(3) Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons" 324(2) The Neo-Malthusian Left 326(2) The Limits to Growth Debate 328(4) The Political Limits of American Reform Environmentalism 332(7) 13. Radical Ecology 339(42) Social Ecology: Human Chauvinism of the Left 339(16) The Ecowarrior Ethos and Ecodefense 355(8) Ecofeminism 363(8) Bioregionalism 371(10) 14. The Gaia Hypothesis: Nondualism in Contemporary Science 381(16) The Eclipse of Mechanism in Physics 382(2) The Gaia Hypothesis 384(5) Gaia, Nonduality, and Spritual Ecofeminism 389(8) 15. Deep Ecology 397(22) Deep Ecology in Its First Formulation: Radical Nondualism 397(5) Defining "Depth" 402(2) The Apron Diagram and Eight-Point Platform 404(15) 16. Ecosophy and Arne Naess's Ecosophy-T 419(12) 17. Convergent Paths to Deep Ecology 431(14) Reaching Deep Ecology Directly: Nondualist Ecosophy 431(8) Indirect Paths to Deep Ecology 439(6) Conclusion: On Not Eating the Snakes Eggs 445(6) Reformulating the Apron Diagram and Deep Ecology Platform 445(4) On Not Eating the Snake's Eggs 449(2) Works Cited 451(20) Index 471