The Demography of Corporations and Industries

List of Figures xi List of Tables xv Preface xix Acknowledgments xxvii Part I The Case for Corporate Demography 1(82) About Organizations 3(14) Aging and Learning 3(2) Inertia and Change 5(2) Competitive Intensity 7(2) Global Competition 9(2) Historical Efficiency 11(1) Employment and Entrepreneurship 12(2) A Look Ahead 14(3) The Demographic Perspective 17(18) Demography of Business Organizations 18(7) Organizing Principles of Demography 25(1) Formal Demography and Population Studies 26(2) Demographic Explanation 28(3) The Demography of the Work Force 31(1) Internal Organizational Demography 32(3) Toward a Corporate Demography 35(24) Earlier Efforts 36(3) Retaining the Classical Structure 39(1) Making Demography Organizational 40(16) A Research Strategy 56(3) Forms and Populations 59(24) Population versus Form 60(7) Identity and Form 67(1) Codes 68(5) Organizational Forms 73(1) Organizational Populations 74(2) Systems of Forms 76(2) Implications for Corporate Demography 78(5) Part II Methods of Corporate Demography 83(108) Observation Plans 85(16) Designs in Organizational Research 86(3) Trade-offs in Observation Plans 89(6) Impact of Observation Plans 95(6) Analyzing Vital Rates 101(34) Event-History Designs 101(9) Stochastic-Process Models 110(7) Life-Table Estimation 117(10) Constant-Rate Models 127(8) Modeling Corporate Vital Rates 135(28) Duration Dependence 135(4) Dependence on Covariates 139(10) Note on Left Truncation 149(1) Comparing Designs by Simulation 150(5) Simulation Findings 155(8) Demographic Data Sources 163(28) Criteria for Evaluating Sources 164(3) Commonly Used Sources 167(18) Using Multiple Sources 185(3) Data Realities 188(3) Part III Population Processes 191(88) Organizational Environments 193(20) Telephone Companies 194(3) Modeling Environments 197(8) Environmental Imprinting 205(2) Imprinting in High-Tech Firms 207(6) Density-Dependent Processes I 213(26) Models of Population Growth 214(2) Corporate Density Dependence 216(6) Theory of Density Dependence 222(6) Interpreting Density Dependence 228(4) Weighted Density 232(4) Programmatic Issues 236(3) Density-Dependent Processes II 239(22) Density Delay 240(3) Population-Age Interactions 243(8) Size Interactions 251(2) Multilevel Processes 253(8) Segregating Processes 261(18) Resource Partitioning 262(7) Research on Partitioning 269(5) Size-Localized Competition 274(5) Part IV Organizational Processes 279(102) Age-Dependent Processes 281(32) Models of Age Dependence 282(6) Age-Related Liabilities 288(2) Age and Growth Rates 290(1) Theories of Age Dependence 291(5) Core Assumptions 296(5) Liabilities of Newness and Adolescence 301(2) Liability of Senescence 303(3) Alignment, Drift, and Obsolescence 306(3) Liability of Obsolescence 309(4) Size Dependence 313(26) Size and Growth Rates 315(4) Age, Size, and Mortality 319(3) Automobile Manufacturers 322(9) Extending the Formalization 331(8) Initial Mobilizing 339(18) Organizing Activities 340(3) Theoretical Arguments 343(3) Automobile Preproducers 346(11) Organizational Transformation 357(24) Theory and Research 358(4) Structural Inertia 362(6) Transformation and Mortality 368(6) Innovation in Automobile Manufacturing 374(7) Appendix: A Property-Based Formalization of Inertia Theory 377(4) Part V Selected Implications 381(72) Organization Theory 383(18) Equilibrium Orientation 383(2) Alignment and Fitness 385(4) Adaptation and Selection 389(4) Speed and Efficiency of Change 393(4) Historical Efficiency and Competition 397(4) Regulation 401(22) Early Telephony 403(1) Interconnection Laws 404(2) The Kingsbury Commitment 406(5) Regulation and Deregulation in Banking 411(3) System Dynamics after Deregulation 414(4) Deregulation and Organizational Growth 418(5) Employment 423(16) Effects on Careers 424(1) Corporate Demography and Job Shifts 425(1) Job Creation and Dissolution 426(3) Corporate Demography and Individual Mobility 429(3) Employment Benefits and Social Welfare 432(5) Effects of Careers on Corporate Demography 437(2) Organizational Diversity 439(14) Beer and Wine Industries 440(4) Diversity, Careers, and Inequality 444(7) Toward a Community Ecology of Corporations 451(2) References 453(28) Index 481