The Emergence of Sociological Theory

ABOUT THE AUTHORS xi PREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv 1 The Enlightenment and New Ways of Thinking 1(7) The Enlightenment 2(2) The Political Economy of the Enlightenment 4(2) The Emergence of Sociology 6(2) 2 The Origin and Context of Auguste Comte's Sociology 8(16) The Strange Biography of Auguste Comte 8(3) The Intellectual Origins of Comte's Thought 11(10) Montesquieu and Comte 12(1) Tuigot and Comte 13(3) Condorcet and Comte 16(1) Saint-Simon and Comte 17(4) Conclusion 21(3) Liberal Elements in Comte's Thought 22(1) Traditional Elements in Comte's Thought 22(2) 3 The Sociology of Auguste Comte 24(16) Comte's Early Essays 25(2) Comte's Course of Positive Philosophy 27(11) Comte's View of Sociological Theory 27(3) Comte's Formulation of Sociological Methods 30(1) Comte's Organization of Sociology 31(5) Comte's Advocacy of Sociology 36(2) Critical Conclusions 38(2) 4 The Origin and Context of Herbert Spencer's Thought 40(11) Biographical Influences on Spencerian Sociology 40(4) The Political Economy of Nineteenth-Century England 44(1) The Scientific Milieu of Spencer's England 45(3) Influences from Biology 45(2) Influences from the Physical Sciences 47(1) Spencer's Synthetic Philosophy and the Sociology of Comte 48(1) Why Read Spencer? 49(2) 5 The Sociology of Herbert Spencer 51(39) Spencer's Moral Philosophy: Social Statics and Principles of Ethics 52(2) Spencer's First Principles 54(2) Spencer's The Study of Sociology 56(4) The Methodological Problems Confronting Sociology 57(2) The Theoretical Argument 59(1) A Note on Spencer's Descriptive Sociology 60(3) Spencer's Principles of Sociology 63(20) The Superorganic and the Organismic Analogy 64(2) The Analysis of Superorganic Dynamics 66(17) The Analysis of Societal Institutions 83(5) Domestic Institutions and Kinship 83(1) Ceremonial Institutions 84(1) Political Institutions 85(1) Religious Institutions 86(1) Economic Institutions 87(1) Critical Conclusions 88(2) 6 The Origin and Context of Karl Marx's Thought 90(26) Biographical Influences on Marx's Thought 90(7) Hegel and the Young Hegelians 91(1) Paris and Brussels 92(3) The London Years 95(2) G.W.F. Hegel and Karl Marx 97(4) Hegel's Idealism 97(1) Marx's Rejection of Hegel's Idealism 98(2) Marx's Acceptance of Hegel's Dialectical Method 100(1) Ludwig Feuerbach and Karl Marx 101(3) The Young Hegelians and Marx's Thought 101(2) Feuerbach and Marx's Thought 103(1) Adam Smith and Karl Marx 104(5) Political Economy and Marx's Thought 105(1) Adam Smith's Influence 105(4) Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx 109(8) Engels's Critique of Political Economy 109(2) Engels's Analysis of the Working Class 111(5) 7 The Sociology of Karl Marx 116(95) The German Ideology 117(7) The Nature of Social Theory 117(1) The Characteristics of All Societies 118(3) Marx's Theoretical Methodology 121(3) The Communist Manifesto 124(14) Bourgeoisie and Proletarians 125(4) Proletarians and Communists 129(2) Socialist and Communist Literature 131(1) Communist and Other Opposition Parties 132(1) Marx's View of Capitalism in Historical Context 133(2) Marx's Model of Stratification and Class Conflict 135(3) Capital 138(9) The Labor Theory of Value 139(2) Surplus Value 141(2) The Demise of Capitalism 143(2) Capitalism in Historical Context 145(2) Critical Conclusions 147(5) Substantive Contradictions 147(1) Where Prophecy Fails 148(2) Is Marx Still Relevant? 150(2) 8 The Origin and Context of Max Weber's Thought 152(18) Biographical Influences on Weber's Thought 152(1) The Early Years 152(6) Before the Breakdown 154(2) The Transition to Sociology 156(2) Karl Marx and Max Weber 158(2) The Nature of Science 159(1) The Inevitability of History 159(1) Economic Determinism 160(1) The Methodenstreit and Max Weber 160(4) Methodological Issues Dividing Historical and Theoretical 161(1) Weber's Response to the Methodenstreit 162(2) Wilhelm Dilthey and Max Weber 164(2) Dilthey's Methodology of the Social Sciences 164(2) Weber's Response to Dilthey's Work 166(1) Heinrich Rickert and Max Weber 166(2) Weber's Response to Rickert 168(1) Weber's Theoretical Synthesis 168(2) 9 The Sociology of Max Weber 170(41) Weber's Methodology of the Social Sciences 171(5) The Problem of Values 171(2) Ideal Types 173(3) Weber's Image of Social Organization 176(4) Weber's Analysis of Domination 180(14) Types of Domination 180(5) Social Stratification: Class, Status Group, and Party 185(6) Weber's Model of Social Change 191(1) Weber's Model of Stratification and Geopolitics 192(2) Weber on Capitalism and Rationalization 194(2) Weber's Study of Religion 196(11) The Quasi-Experimental Design 197(2) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 199(6) Weber's Comparative Studies of Religion and Capitalism 205(2) Weber's Outline of the Social System 207(2) Critical Conclusions 209(2) 10 The Origin and Context of Georg Simmel's Thought 211(12) Biographical Influences on Simmel's Thought 211(4) Simmel's Marginality 211(1) Simmel's Intellectual Career 212(3) Intellectual Influences on Simmel's Thought 215(7) A Note on Simmel and Weber 215(1) Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism, and Simmel's Thought 216(1) Immanuel Kant and Simmel's Thought 217(3) Karl Marx and Simmel's Thought 220(2) The Enigmatic Simmel 222(1) 11 The Sociology of Georg Simmel 223(31) Simmel's Methodological Approach to the Study of Society 223(7) What Is Society? 225(1) How Should Sociology Study Society? 225(2) What Are the Problem Areas of Sociology? 227(3) The Web of Group Affiliations 230(5) The Web of Group Affiliations as a Social Form 231(1) Structural Changes Accompanying Social Differentiation 231(2) The Consequences of Differentiation 233(2) Conflict 235(7) Conflict as a Social Form 235(1) Conflict Within Groups 236(3) Conflict Between Groups 239(3) The Philosophy of Money 242(10) Exchange as a Social Form 242(1) Simmel's Assumptions about Human Nature 243(2) Money in Social Exchange 245(2) Money and Its Consequences for Social Relations 247(5) Critical Conclusions 252(2) 12 The Origin and Context of Emile Durkheim's Thought 254(25) Biographical Influences on Durkheim's Thought 254(3) Charles Montesquieu and Durkheim 257(6) Montesquieu as the First Social Scientist 257(2) Montesquieu's View of "Laws" 259(1) Montesquieu's Typology of Governments 260(1) The Causes and Functions of Governments 261(2) Jean Jacques Rousseau and Durkheim 263(5) Rousseau's Doctrine 264(1) Specific Influences on Durkheim 265(3) Auguste Comte and Durkheim 268(3) The Science of Positivism 268(1) The Methodological Tenets of Positivism 269(1) Social Statics and Dynamics 270(1) Science and Social Progress 271(1) Alexis De Tocqueville and Durkheim 271(3) Tocqueville's Democracy in America 272(1) Specific Influences on Durkheim 273(1) Herbert Spencer and Durkheim 274(2) Durkheim and Spencerian Utilitarianism 274(1) Durkheim and Spencerian Organicism 275(1) Durkheim and Spencerian Evolutionism 275(1) Karl Marx and Durkheim 276(1) Anticipating Durkheimian Sociology 277(3) Methodological Tenets 277(1) Theoretical Strategy 277(1) Substantive Interests 278(1) Practical Concerns 278(1) 13 The Sociology of Emile Durkheim 279(38) The Division of Labor in Society 280(12) Social Solidarity 280(1) The Collective Conscience 281(1) Social Morphology 282(1) Mechanical and Organic Solidarity 283(2) Social Change 285(2) Social Functions 287(1) Pathology and Abnormal Forms 288(4) The Rules of the Sociological Method 292(5) What Is a Social Fact? 293(1) Rules for the Observation of Social Facts 294(1) Rules for Distinguishing Between the Normal and the Pathological 295(1) Rules for the Classification of Social Types 295(1) Rules for the Explanation of Social Facts 295(1) Rules for Establishing Sociological Proofs 296(1) Suicide 297(5) Types of Suicide 297(3) Suicide and Social Integration 300(1) Suicide and Deviance 300(1) Suicide and the Social Organization of Organic Societies 301(1) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life 302(9) An Overview of Durkheim's Argument 304(4) Some Further Implications of Elementary Forms 308(3) A Science of "Morality" 311(3) What Is Morality? 312(2) Critical Conclusions 314(3) 14 The Origin and Context of George Herbert Mead's Thought 317(22) Biographical Influences on Mead's Thought 317(2) Mead's Synthesis of Schools of Thought 319(7) Utilitarianism 319(1) Darwinism 320(1) Pragmatism 321(2) Behaviorism 323(3) Wilhelm Wundt and Mead 326(2) Wundt's View of Gestures 327(1) Wundt's View of "Mental Communities" 328(1) William James and Mead 328(4) James's Pragmatism 329(1) James's View of Consciousness 329(1) James's View of Self-Consciousness 330(2) Charles Horton Cooley and Mead 332(4) Cooley's View of Social Organization 332(1) Cooley's View of Interaction 333(1) Cooley's View of Self 333(2) Cooley's View of Primary Groups 335(1) John Dewey and Mead 336(2) Dewey's Pragmatism 336(1) Dewey's View of Thinking 337(1) Mead's Synthesis 338(1) 15 The Sociology of George Herbert Mead 339(34) Mead's Broader Philosophy 339(1) Mind, Self, and Society 340(24) Mead's View of the "Life Process" 341(1) Mead's Social Behaviorism 342(1) Mead's Behavioristic View of Mind 343(5) Mead's Behavioristic View of Self 348(9) Mead's Conception of Society 357(7) The Philosophy of the Act 364(6) Impulse 365(1) Perception 366(1) Manipulation 366(2) Consummation 368(2) Critical Conclusions 370(3) NAME INDEX 373(2) SUBJECT INDEX 375