The Evolution of Deadly Conflict in Liberia : From 'Paternaltarianism' to State Collapse

Maps ix Abstract xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 3(14) Pre-Settler Societies, Political Institutions and Conflict 17(14) Pre-Settler Indigenous Societies 17(4) Pre-Settler Indigenous Political Systems 21(4) Deadly Conflict in Pre-Liberia 25(3) Conclusion 28(3) The American Colonization Society and the Emergence of Authoritarianism, 1820--1847 31(58) Setting the Structure for Conflict 31(11) Dei-British/Settler ``Water Battle'' of 1822 42(4) Dei-Settler War of 1822 46(11) Dei-Gola-Settler War of 1832 57(5) Bassa-Settler War of 1835 62(8) Kru-Settler ``Fishmen'' Conflict of 1838 70(7) Vai-Settler Battles of 1839--1840 77(8) Conclusion 85(4) The Rise of a Settler Oligarchic State, 1847--1877 89(36) Institutionalization of Conflict 89(5) Bassa-Government War of 1851--1852 94(5) Kru-Government War of 1855 99(3) Grebo-Maryland War of 1856--1857 102(8) Gebebo Reunited Kingdom Revolution of 1875--1876 110(11) Conclusion 121(4) The Consolidation of the Oligarchic State, 1877--1904 125(12) Exacerbation of Conflict 125(4) Grebo-Government War of 1893 129(3) Native Resistance to Liberian Nationalism 132(3) Conclusion 135(2) The Evolution of Centralization and the Pacification of the Hinterland, 1904--1931 137(44) Apex of Conflict 137(1) Indirect Rule System 138(2) Frontier Force 140(7) Kru-Government Battles of 1909 147(5) Grebo-Government War of 1910 152(12) Kru-Government Conflict of 1912 164(5) Kru Confederacy-Government War of 1915 169(9) Conclusion 178(3) The Ascent of an Oligarchic Democracy, Peace, Indigenous Revolt, and Chaos, 1931--1989 181(24) The Evolution of Authoritarianism and Deceptive Inclusion 181(13) 1980 Coup d'etat of the Tolbert Regime 194(3) The Doe Era, 1980--1989 197(5) Conclusion 202(3) The Great War, 1989--2003 205(40) A Legacy of Conflict 205(1) The Liberian Civil War, 1989--1997 206(5) The Interwar Years, 1997--1999 211(5) The LURD and MODEL Insurrections, 1999--2003 216(26) Conclusion 242(3) Conclusion 245(14) Introduction 245(1) Summary of Conflict Causes 246(4) Summary of Major Findings and Future Prospects 250(9) Appendix 259(16) Bibliography 275(30) Index 305