The Gullah People and Their African Heritage

List of Maps ix List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Foreword xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi PART 1. WHO THEY ARE 1(22) A People in Crisis 3(10) Flesh and Blood 13(10) PART 2. WHERE THEY CAME FROM 23(26) The Dark Continent 25(11) The In-Human Trade 36(13) PART 3. WHAT THEY HAVE BEEN 49(56) Africans in South Carolina 51(18) Parasites, Disease, and Hardships 69(17) Trans Plants and Economy 86(19) PART 4. WHAT THEY CREATED 105(82) The Gullah Language 107(23) Society and Culture 130(35) What the Hand Wrought 165(22) PART 5. WHAT THEY HAVE BECOME 187(16) From Darkness into Light 189(6) The African Heritage 195(8) Appendix A. Estimation of Admixture from Gene Frequencies 203(2) Appendix B. Mahalanobis's Method for Determining Generalized Distance 205(2) Appendix C. Biological Traits in Africans, Charleston Blacks, and African Americans 207(8) Appendix D. Greenberg's Determination of African Language Kinship 215(2) Appendix E. Historical Highlights Relevant to the Gullah and Other African Americans 217(6) Notes 223(42) Bibliography 265(28) Index 293