The Osteology of Infants and Children

Preface xiii Part One: THE BARE BONES OF SUBADULT SKELETONS 1(28) Studying the Bones of Children 3(8) Why Are Skeletal Remains of Subadults Important for Interpreting the Archaeological Record? 3(2) The Developing Skeleton: A Framework for Understanding How Bones Grow 5(2) Anatomical Terms and Directions 7(3) Placing Subadult Skeletons in Age and Sex Categories 10(1) Excavating the Remains of Fetuses, Infants, and Children 11(18) Recognition and Preservation 11(2) How to Excavate Subadult Burials 13(11) Laboratory Treatment and Curation of Subadult Remains 24(5) Part Two: THE SKULL AND TEETH 29(44) The Bones of the Cranial Vault 31(11) The Frontal 31(1) Description at Major Stages 31(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 32(1) Siding Techniques 32(1) The Parietal 32(2) Description at Major Stages 32(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 33(1) Siding Techniques 33(1) The Occipital 34(3) Description at Major Stages 34(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 34(2) Siding Techniques 36(1) The Temporal 37(1) Description at Major Stages 37(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 37(1) Siding Techniques 38(1) The Auditory Ossicles 38(1) Description at Major Stages 38(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 38(1) Siding Techniques 38(1) The Sphenoid 39(3) Description at Major Stages 39(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 40(1) Siding Techniques 41(1) The Bones of the Face 42(11) The Ethmoid 42(1) Description at Major Stages 42(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 42(1) Siding Techniques 42(1) The Inferior Nasal Concha 43(1) Description at Major Stages 43(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 43(1) Siding Techniques 43(1) The Vomer 44(1) Description at Major Stages 44(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 44(1) The Nasal Bone 44(1) Description at Major Stages 44(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 45(1) Siding Techniques 45(1) The Lacrimal 45(1) Description at Major Stages 45(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 45(1) Siding Techniques 46(1) The Zygomatic 46(1) Description at Major Stages 46(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 46(1) Siding Techniques 47(1) The Palatine 47(1) Description at Major Stages 47(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 48(1) Siding Techniques 48(1) The Maxilla 48(2) Description at Major Stages 48(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 49(1) Siding Techniques 50(1) The Mandible 50(1) Description at Major Stages 50(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 50(1) Siding Techniques 50(1) The Hyoid 51(2) Description at Major Stages 51(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 52(1) Siding Techniques 52(1) The Dentition 53(20) Five Steps for Tooth Identification 54(19) To Which Tooth Type Does the Tooth Belong? 54(1) Incisors 54(1) Canines 54(1) Premolars 54(1) Molars 54(2) Is the Tooth Deciduous or Permanent? 56(1) Is It a Maxillary or Mandibular Tooth? 57(1) Incisors 57(1) Canines 57(1) Premolars 57(1) Molars 58(4) What Is the Tooth's Position in the Dentition? 62(1) Incisors 62(1) Premolars 63(1) Molars 63(1) Is the Tooth from the Right or Left Side? 64(1) Incisors 64(1) Canines 65(1) Premolars 66(2) Molars 68(5) Part Three: THE INFRACRANIAL SKELETON 73(82) The Vertebral Column and Pelvic Girdle 75(18) Cervical Vertebrae 75(5) The Atlas (CI) 75(1) Description at Major Stages 75(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 76(1) Siding Techniques 77(1) The Axis (C2) 77(1) Description at Major Stages 77(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 78(1) Siding Techniques 78(1) Typical Cervical Vertebrae (C3--C7) 78(1) Description at Major Stages 78(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 79(1) Siding Techniques 79(1) Thoracic Vertebrae 80(1) Description at Major Stages 80(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 80(1) Siding Techniques 81(1) Lumbar Vertebrae 81(1) Description at Major Stages 81(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 81(1) Siding Techniques 82(1) Differentiating Vertebrae from Other Bones 82(1) The Sacrum 83(3) Description at Major Stages 83(3) Differentiation from Other Bones 86(1) Siding Techniques 86(1) The Coccyx 86(1) Description at Major Stages 86(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 86(1) The Os Coxa 87(2) The Ilium 89(1) Description at Major Stages 89(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 89(1) Siding Techniques 89(1) The Ischium 90(1) Description at Major Stages 90(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 90(1) Siding Techniques 91(1) The Pubis 91(2) Description at Major Stages 91(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 91(1) Siding Techniques 92(1) The Chest and Shoulder Girdle 93(10) The Ribs 93(3) First Rib 95(1) Description at Major Stages 95(1) Siding Techniques 95(1) Second Rib 95(1) Description at Major Stages 95(1) Siding Techniques 95(1) Ribs 3 through 10 95(1) Description at Major Stages 95(1) Siding Techniques 95(1) Ribs 11 and 12 95(1) Description at Major Stages 95(1) Siding Techniques 96(1) Differentiating Ribs from Other Bones 96(1) The Sternum 96(1) Description at Major Stages 96(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 97(1) The Clavicle 97(2) Description at Major Stages 97(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 98(1) Siding Techniques 99(1) The Scapula 99(4) Description at Major Stages 99(2) Differentiation from Other Bones 101(1) Siding Techniques 102(1) The Bones of the Arms and Legs 103(21) The Bones of the Arm 103(9) The Humerus 103(1) Description at Major Stages 103(2) Differentiation from Other Bones 105(1) Siding Techniques 106(1) The Radius 107(1) Description at Major Stages 107(2) Differentiation from Other Bones 109(1) Siding Techniques 109(1) The Ulna 109(1) Description at Major Stages 109(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 110(1) Siding Techniques 111(1) The Bones of the Leg 112(12) The Femur 112(1) Description at Major Stages 112(2) Differentiation from Other Bones 114(1) Siding Techniques 115(1) The Tibia 116(1) Description at Major Stages 116(2) Differentiation from Other Bones 118(1) Siding Techniques 118(1) The Fibula 119(1) Description at Major Stages 119(2) Differentiation from Other Bones 121(1) Siding Techniques 122(1) The Patella 122(1) Description at Major Stages 122(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 123(1) Siding Techniques 123(1) The Bones of the Hands and Feet 124(1) The Bones of the Hand 124(31) Carpals 124(14) Scaphoid 125(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 125(1) Siding Techniques 125(1) Lunate 125(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 125(1) Siding Techniques 126(1) Triquetral 126(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 126(1) Siding Techniques 126(1) Pisiform 126(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 126(1) Siding Techniques 127(1) Trapezium 127(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 127(1) Siding Techniques 127(1) Trapezoid 127(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 128(1) Siding Techniques 128(1) Capitate 128(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 129(1) Siding Techniques 129(1) Hamate 129(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 129(1) Siding Techniques 129(1) Metacarpals 130(1) First Metacarpal 130(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 130(1) Siding Techniques 130(1) Second Metacarpal 130(2) Differentiation from Other Metacarpals 132(1) Siding Techniques 133(1) Third Metacarpal 133(1) Differentiation from Other Metacarpals 133(1) Siding Techniques 133(1) Fourth Metacarpal 134(1) Differentiation from Other Metacarpals 134(1) Siding Techniques 134(1) Fifth Metacarpal 134(1) Differentiation from Other Metatarsals 135(1) Siding Techniques 135(1) Differentiating Metacarpals from Metatarsals 135(1) Hand Phalanges 135(1) Proximal Phalanges 135(2) Intermediate Phalanges 137(1) Distal Phalanges 137(1) Siding Hand Phalanges 137(1) Differentiating Hand and Foot Phalanges 137(1) The Bones of the Foot 138(7) Tarsals 138(1) Calcaneus 138(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 139(1) Siding Techniques 140(1) Talus 140(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 141(1) Siding Techniques 141(1) Cuboid 141(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 142(1) Siding Techniques 142(1) Navicular 142(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 143(1) Siding Techniques 143(1) First or Medial Cuneiform 143(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 144(1) Siding Techniques 144(1) Second or Intermediate Cuneiform 144(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 144(1) Siding Techniques 144(1) Third or Lateral Cuneiform 145(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 145(1) Siding Techniques 145(1) Metatarsals 145(6) First Metatarsal 147(1) Differentiation from Other Bones 147(1) Siding Techniques 148(1) Second Metatarsal 148(1) Differentiation from Other Metatarsals 148(1) Siding Techniques 148(1) Third Metatarsal 148(1) Differentiation from Other Metatarsals 149(1) Siding Techniques 149(1) Fourth Metatarsal 149(1) Differentiation from Other Metatarsals 150(1) Siding Techniques 150(1) Fifth Metatarsal 150(1) Differentiation from Other Metatarsals 150(1) Siding Techniques 150(1) Differentiating Metatarsals from Metacarpals 151(1) The Foot Phalanges 151(4) Proximal Phalanges 151(1) Intermediate Phalanges 151(1) Distal Phalanges 151(1) Siding Foot Phalanges 151(1) Differentiating Hand and Foot Phalanges 152(3) Part Four: QUICK REFERENCE 155(18) Age Estimation and Templates for Identification 157(16) Appearance and Fusion of Skeletal Elements 157(1) Age-Related Templates 157(16) References Cited 173(2) Index 175