The Political Economy of the Welfare State in Latin America : Globalization, Democracy, and Development

Tables and Figures xi Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Welfare State: Review of Main Theories 6 1.2 The Welfare State: Latin America in Comparative Perspective 10 1.3 Methodology 16 1.4 Chapter Outline 20 2 The Historical Evolution of Welfare Systems in Latin America: Qualitative Comparative Analysis 24 2.1 The Emergence of Welfare Systems in Latin America 26 2.2 Brief Review of Main Theoretical Perspectives: Defining the Independent Variables 31 2.3 Qualitative Comparative Analysis through the Boolean Methodology 48 2.4 Specifying the Alternative Paths to the Welfare State in Latin America 54 2.5 The Trajectories of the Group of Low Welfare Effort Countries (Non-Welfare States) 66 2.6 Summary and Conclusion 69 Appendix 2.1: Basic Features of QCA 72 3 Theoretical Framework and Main Hypotheses 77 3.1 Economic Determinants of Welfare State Development 79 3.2 Political Determinants of Welfare State Development in Latin America: Democracy and Popularly Based Governments 105 3.3 Conclusion 125 4 Determinants of Social Spending in Latin America: A Time-Series Cross-Section Analysis, 1973-2003 127 4.1 Data Sources, Research Design, and Model Specification 128 4.2 Description of the Variables 134 4.3 The Model 142 4.4 Analysis of the Results 145 4.5 Conclusion 167 Appendix 4.1: Description of Variables 170 Appendix 4.2: The Error Correction Model 172 5 Chile: A Classic Latin American Welfare State under Authoritarian Stress (1973-1989) and Democratic Reinvention (1990-2000) 174 5.1 Historical Antecedents of the System (1920-1973) 176 5.2 A Welfare System under Stress: Comparative Patterns of Social Spending under Authoritarianism (1973-1989) 177 5.3 Within and beyond the Black Box of Aggregate Social Spending: Types of Social Expenditures and the Reorganization of the Welfare System under Pinochet 184 5.4 Patterns of Social Spending and Social Policy after the Transition to Democracy (1990-2000) 198 5.5 Summary and Conclusion 204 6 Costa Rica: Globalization, Gradual Reform, and the Politics of Compensation, 1973-2002 207 6.1 Brief Historical Antecedents of the System (1940-1973) 208 6.2 Patterns of Social Spending and the Restructuring of Costa Rica's Welfare System in the 1970's, 1980's, and 1990's 210 6.3 The Links among Economic Reform, Globalization, and Social Policies in Costa Rica 218 6.4 The Essence of the Costa Rican Experience: International Factors, Domestic Political Institutions, and the Politics of Gradual Reform and Social Compensation 222 6.5 Conclusion 227 7 Peru: Political Instability, Regime Change, and Late Economic Reform in a Non-Welfare State, 1973-2000 229 7.1 Origins of the Peruvian Non-Welfare System 231 7.2 Economic and Social Policies in Peru from the Transition to Democracy to the Late 1980's: A Non-Welfare State under Increasing Economic Stress and Political Instability 233 7.3 Social Policies under Fujimori's Authoritarian Rule (1991-2000) 244 7.4 Conclusion 256 8 Conclusion: Summary and Final Reflections on the Sustainability and Effectiveness of Latin American Welfare Systems 259 8.1 Overview of Main Findings 260 8.2 Future Challenges for the Welfare State in Latin America: Long-Term Sustainability and Greater Efficiency 271 Bibliography 281 Index 305