The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages

List of Plates, Figures, and Tables x Foreword xv Philip L. Kohl Preface xxi Introduction 1(1) Environmental Setting 2(5) Climatic Conditions in the Bronze and Iron Ages 7(5) Chronology and Periodization 12(7) Chronological Intricacies 12(5) Periodizations: Remarks about Terminology and Structure 17(2) General Definitions 19(6) PART ONE. THE BRONZE AGE: THE RISE OF ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL COMPLEXITY The Development of Bronze Metallurgy 25(20) The Stages of Metallurgical Development in Eurasia 26(2) The Urals' Bronze Metallurgy 28(17) The Beginning 28(5) Further Developments 33(7) The Apex of Uralian Metallurgy: Expansion and Perfection 40(5) The Achievements and Collisions of the Early and Middle Bronze Age 45(66) The Yamnaya Culture in the Cis--Urals 45(12) Archaeological Characteristics 46(6) Chronological Variants and Their Cultural Attributions 52(2) Were the Folk from the Yamnaya Kurgans Socially Organized Pastoral Nomads? 54(3) The Abashevo Culture 57(9) The Sintashta Culture 66(15) Archaeological Materials 68(1) Settlements 68(7) Cemeteries 75(6) The Petrovka Culture 81(5) What Was Behind the Sintashta and Petrovka Antiquities? 86(12) Economic Sphere 86(4) Social Contrasts 90(6) The Origin and Ultimate Fate of the Sintashta Cultural Core-Tradition 96(2) The Cultural Formations in the Forest Zone 98(13) Cis-Urals Subarea 98(5) The Forest-Steppe and Southern Taiga of Western Siberia 103(1) The Pre-Andronovo Horizon in the Western Siberian Forest-Steppe 104(2) Sites of the Seima-Turbino Type 106(5) Stabilization, Colonization, and Expansion in the Late Bronze Age 111(50) The Uralian Variant of the Srubnaya Family of Cultures 111(12) Archaeological Characteristics 112(8) Economic and Social Aspects 120(3) The Andronovo Family of Cultures 123(27) The Alakul Culture 127(1) Archaeological Characteristics 128(8) Complication of Internal Chronology and the Origin of the Alakul Culture 136(2) The Fyodorovo Culture 138(1) Archaeological Materials 139(5) The Problem of the Origin of the Fyodorovo Core-Tradition 144(2) Economic and Social Dimensions of the Andronovo Cultures 146(4) Northward Expansion 150(11) The Andronovo-Like Cultural Horizon 151(10) On the Eve of a New Epoch: Final Bronze Age 161(26) The Sargary Culture 161(9) Mezhovka-Irmen Cultural Horizon 170(8) The Mezhovka Culture 170(5) The Irmen Culture 175(3) Summary: Bronze Age Trajectory 178(9) PART TWO. THE IRON AGE -- FORMING EURASIAN INTERACTIONS The Transition to the Iron Age and New Tendencies in Economic Development 187(16) The Introduction of Iron Technology into Eurasia 188(5) The Ural Ferrous Metallurgy 193(10) The Ananyino Metallurgy (Cis-Urals Area) 194(2) The Itkul Metallurgy (Trans-Urals Area) 196(1) Transition to the Real Ferrous Metal Production 197(6) The Southern Urals within the Nomadic World: At the Cultural Crossroads 203(48) General Aspects of Nomadic Studies 203(17) Ecological and Historical Dimensions of Eurasian Nomadism 203(6) About the Origins of Eurasian Nomadism 209(3) Social Organization of Eurasian Nomads 212(3) Material Culture of Nomads 215(5) The Nomads of Southern Urals 220(31) A Short Excursion into the History of Eurasian Nomads 220(10) Nomadic Cultures of the Urals 230(3) Pre-Sarmatian and Initial Sarmatian Cultural Development 233(7) The Early Sarmatian Development (Prokhorovo Culture) 240(5) The Middle and Late Sarmatian Developments 245(6) The World of Cultures of Cis--Urals Forest Zone of Eastern Europe: The Maintenance of Cultural Identities 251(26) The Ananyino Cultural Groups 252(9) The Pyanobor Cultural Groups 261(16) The Forest-Steppe Cultures of the Urals and Western Siberia: On the Northern Periphery of the Nomadic World 277(39) Cultural Groups of the Forest-Mountain Area of the Middle and Southern Urals 277(10) The Forest-Steppe Cultures of the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia 287(25) Pre-Sargat (Formative) Phase 289(3) Gorokhovo-Sargat Phase 292(6) Classic Sargat Phase 298(13) Late Sargat Phase 311(1) Summary: Interactions between Nomads and Forest Populations 312(4) Social Trends in North-Central Eurasia during the Second and First Millennia BC 316(23) Social Strategies of the Second Millennium BC 317(9) Social Strategies in the Iron Age 326(13) Notes 339(8) References 347(28) Index 375