Topics in Language and Culture for Teachers

Introduction to the Teacher xi A Note about Films xii Preliminary Questions 1(13) Stereotypes and Generalizations 2(4) Deficit Theories 6(1) Distinguishing Cultures 6(3) Globalization and the Future of Cultures 9(5) Nature, Language, and Culture 14(17) Nature and Language 15(4) Language and Dialect 19(1) The Nature of Culture 20(3) Culture Transmitted 21(1) Culture Negotiated 22(1) The Relationship between Language and Culture 23(3) Language, Culture, and Identity 26(2) Cultural Universals 28(3) Words across Cultures 31(16) Word Meanings 32(2) Ways of Comparing Words 34(1) Universals and Particulars, Revisited: Color Terms 35(2) Universals and Particulars, Revisited: Family Terms 37(2) Universals and Particulars, Revisited: Space 39(1) Universals and Particulars, Revisited: Mental States 40(1) Metaphor 40(1) Translation 41(6) Language and Interaction 47(16) Communicative Competence 48(1) Backchannels 49(2) Forms of Address 51(3) Contextualization Cues 54(1) Speech Acts 55(2) Speech Events 57(1) Conversational Implicature 58(1) Politeness 59(4) First Language Acquisition, Individual Bilingualism, and the Schools 63(19) Learning a First Language 64(4) Bilingual Language Acquisition 68(1) Learning a First Culture 69(2) Classroom Language 71(4) Parental Involvement 75(1) Models of Bilingual Education 76(6) Learning a Second Language 82(16) Second Language Learning 83(2) Language Ability 85(1) Pragmatics across Cultures 86(4) Acquisition of Pragmatics across Cultures 88(2) The Acquisition of Pragmatic Features 90(1) The Teaching of Speech Acts and Speech Behaviors 91(7) Language Contact between Individuals and Cultures 98(19) Individual Contact 99(2) Pidgins and Creoles 101(3) Borrowing Language 104(1) Culture Contact and Change 105(1) Culture Shock 106(1) Multilingualism and Language Policy 107(1) Status and Corpus Planning 107(2) Diglossia and Bilingualism 109(1) Language Maintenance and Shift: The Case of Immigrants 110(1) Language Death and Endangered Languages 111(2) Language Revitalization 113(4) Varieties of Language 117(16) Ethnicity and Language 118(2) Social Class and Language 120(3) How Students Experience Class 123(1) Age and Language 124(2) Gender and Language 126(1) Gender and Education 127(6) Nonverbal Communication 133(11) Introduction 134(1) Universals and Particulars: The Case of Emotional Facial Displays 135(1) Proxemics: Space and Communication 136(1) Kinesics: Motion and Communication 137(3) Gestures 137(1) Cultural Differences in Emblems 138(1) Posture 139(1) Touching 140(1) Eye Contact 140(1) Paralanguage 140(1) Classroom Nonverbal Communication 141(3) Sign Languages 144(11) Dispelling Myths 145(1) Sign as a System 146(1) Variation in Sign Languages 147(2) Conversation 149(1) Deaf Culture 149(2) Deaf Education in the United States 151(1) ASL as a Foreign Language 152(3) Literacy 155(19) Speech and Writing 156(2) Orality and Literacy 158(2) Orality and Literacy at Home and at School 160(2) Reading across Cultures 162(1) Bilingual Literacy 163(2) Writing as Socially Constructed 165(4) Writing Systems and Scripts 169(5) Appendix A---Languages of the World 174(5) Appendix B---How Languages Are Put Together 179(9) Appendix C---Resources 188(3) Glossary 191(5) References 196(10) World Map 206(2) Index 208