Black, William R.

Transportation : A Geograpical Analysis

Tables xvii Figures xix PART I Foundations CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Transportation Geography 3 (9) The Network Approach, 6 (1) External Influences on the Field, 7 (1) Other Research Paradigms, 8 (1) Overview, 9(3) CHAPTER 2 A History of Transportation 12 (26) Early Road Transportation, 13 (3) Water Transport, 16(2) Railroads: The 19th Century, 18(7) Automobiles and Highways of the 20th Century, 25 (4) Problems with the Automobile, 29 (1) Public Transit, 30(2) Motor Carriers, 32 (1) Air Transport, 33(2) Railroads: The 20th Century, 35 (1) The Other Modes, 36 (1) Summary, 37(1) CHAPTER 3 Current Transport systems and Trends 38(19) The United States, 38(11) Europe, 49 (4) Conclusions, 53 (1) Generalizations, 53 (1) Further Study, 54(3) PART II Network Analysis CHAPTER 4 Basic Elements of Transport Networks: Nodes and Links 57 (15) Defining the Nodes, 57(3) Defining the Links, 60(2) Attributes of Nodes and Links, 62 (8) Summary, 70(1) Generalizations, 71 (1) Further study, 71(1) CHAPTER 5 Measurement of Transportation Networks 72 (20) Some Definitions, 72(2) Matrix Representation of Graphs and Networks, 74 (3) Network Structure, 77(6) Network Costs and Distance, 83 (4) Network Accessibility and Circuity, 87 (2) Flows in Networks, 89 (1) Summary, 90(1) Generalizations, 90 (1) Further study, 91(1) CHAPTER 6 The Location of Transportation Routes and Links 92 (25) Networks, 92(3) Optimal Networks, 95(4) The Location of Routes, 99 (13) Transport Nodes, 112 (1) Research Needs, 113 (1) Summary, 113 (1) Generalizations, 114 (1) Further Study, 114(3) PART III Flow Analysis CHAPTER 7 Trade and Commodity Flows 117(11) Ullman s Bases, 117(2) Applicability of the Bases for Interaction, 119 (1) Trade Theory, 120(2) Spatial Price Equilibrium, 122 (1) Trade Models, 123 (1) Flow Stability, 124 (1) New Trade Theory, 125 (1) Summary, 126(1) Generalizations, 126 (1) Further Study, 127(1) CHAPTER 8 Methods of Flow Analysis 128(23) Random Flow Model, 128 (1) A Brief Digression, 129 (1) Transaction Flow Analysis, 130 (1) Optimal Flow Systems, 130(7) Structure of Flows: Flow Matrix Factor Analysis, 137(3) Dyadic Factor Analysis, 140(4) Network Autocorrelation, 144 (2) Spatial-Temporal Autocorrelation, 146 (3) Summary, 149(1) Generalizations, 150 (1) Further Study, 150(1) CHAPTER 9 The Prediction Problem of Flow Generation 151(11) Traffic Production, 152(4) Traffic Attraction, 156 (1) Commodity Flow Generation, 157 (2) Summary, 159(2) Generalizations, 161 (1) Further study, 161(1) CHAPTER 10 Spatial Interaction and the Gravity Model 162(23) An Aspatial Interaction Model, 163(1) The Form of the Classical Model, 163 (2) A Computer Intensive Approach, 165 (4) Transportation Variant of the Model, 169 (2) Computer-Intensive Production-Constrained Model, 171(3) Wilson's Approach, 174(1) Further Notes on Flow Modeling, 175 (1) How Accurate?, 176 (1) Other Flow Models, 177 (1) Summary, 178(1) Generalizations, 179 (1) Further Study, 179(2) APPENDIX 10.1 Students Attending Indiana University, 181(1) APPENDIX 10.2 Computer Code for the POTENT Gravity Potential Model, 182(1) APPENDIX 10.3 Computer Code for the FULL GRAV Gravity Model, 183(2) CHAPTER 11 Spatial Choices: Destinations, Modes, and Routes 185(14) Destination Choice, 185(2) Modal Choice, 187(3) An Introduction to Modeling Modal Choice, 190 (1) Logit Models, 191(2) Route Choice, 193 (1) Summary, 194 (1) Generalizations, 194 (1) Further Study, 195(4) PART IV Policy, Plans, and Impacts CHAPTER 12 Transport Policy 199(17) Origins of Transport Policy, 200(1) Geographical Significance of Transport Policy, 201(1) Rail Policy in the Midwest and the Northeast, 1975, 202(2) National Transport Policy, 204(3) Supersonic Transport Policy: The Concorde Case, 207 (2) Speed Limits as a Transport Policy Issue, 208 Transport Subsidy Policy, 209(1) Transport-Related Policies with Negative Impacts, 210 (1) International Agreements with Transport Policy Implications, 211(1) Concluding Thoughts on Transport Policy, 212 (2) Summary, 214(1) Generalizations, 214 (1) Further Study, 214(2) CHAPTER 13 Transport Planning: Rationale and Process 216 (11) Development of Transportation Planning in the United States, 217(2) Development of Transport Planning in the United Kingdom, 219(1) The Transportation Planning Process, 219 (6) Critique of the Transport Planning Process, 225 (1) Geographical Nature of the Transport Planning Process, 225 (1) Summary, 225 (1) Generalizations, 226 (1) Further Study, 226(1) CHAPTER 14 Transport Impact Analysis 227 (11) Impacts of the Environment on Transport, 228 (2) Indirect Impacts of Transport Investments, 230 (3) The Design of Impact Studies, 233 (3) Summary, 236(1) Generalizations, 236 (1) Further Study, 237(1) CHAPTER 15 Transportation's Impact on the Environment 238 (18) Impacts on Humans, 238 (4) Impacts on Vegetation, 242 (2) Impacts on Animal Life, 244 (1) Impacts on Soils and Geomorphology, 245 (1) Impacts on Water, 246(3) Impacts on Climate and the Atmosphere, 249 (4) Conclusion, 253(1) Summary, 254 (1) Generalizations, 254 (1) Further Study, 255(1) CHAPTER 16 Transportation, the Economy, and Economic Development 256(19) Transports Share of Gross Domestic Product, 256 (1) Transport in the Household Budget, 257(1) Transportation, Growth, and Development, 258 (7) Evaluating Transport Projects, 265 (5) Summary, 270(1) Generalizations, 270 (1) Further study, 271(4) PART V Geographic Information Systems in Transport (GIS-T) CHAPTER 17 GIS-T: An Introduction 275 (14) The Nature of GIS-T, 276 (3) Network Databases, 279 (1) Typical Problems, 279(3) Remote Sensing and GIS-T, 282 (2) Summary, 284(1) Generalizations, 284 (1) Further study, 285(4) PART VI Current Issues and Problems CHAPTER 18 Societal Trends and Their Impact on Transport 289 (14) Continuing Decentralization o f Cities and Urban sprawl, 289(1) An Aging Population, 290(3) The Single-Parent Household, 293 (1) Women Joining the Labor Force, 294(1) Welfare Reform in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, 294(1) Privatization o f Transport, 295 (2) Deregulation of Transport sectors, 297 (2) Globalization, 299(1) The Rural Transportation Problem, 300 (1) Summary, 301(1) Generalizations, 301 (1) Further study, 302(1) CHAPTER 19 Congestion 303 (14) Measuring Congestion, 304 (2) Congestion Tools, 306(3) High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes, 309 (4) Another Approach, 313 (2) The Future of Congestion, 315 (1) Summary, 315(1) Generalizations, 315 (1) Further Study, 316(1) CHAPTER 20 Sustainable Transport and Potential Mobility 317(18) What Is Known, 318(1) Indicators of Sustainable Transport, 318 (2) Proposed Indicators for Data-Rich Areas, 320 (2) Potential Mobility, 322(1) Creating the Index, 323(1) Use of the Index to Evaluate Technologies and Policies in the Developed World, 324(2) Use of the Index in the Developing World, 326 (1) Summary, 326(1) Generalizations, 326 (1) Further study, 326(2) APPENDIX 20.1 BASIC Computer Program to Calculate STPM, 328(1) APPENDIX 20.2 STPM Values and Input Data for Selected Areas, 329(6) PART VII The Future CHAPTER 21 Transportation and Transportation Geography 335 (8) OE CDS Realistic Vision of the Transport World in 2030, 335(1) My Own View of the Transport World in 2030, 336(2) The Rest of the World, 338(1) OECD 's Optimistic Vision for the Transport World in 2030, 338(1) Transportation Geography: The Future, 339(4) References 343 (20) Index 363 (12) About the Author 375