Understanding U.s. Human Rights Policy : A Paradoxical Legacy

Acknowledgments xi Introduction: The Paradoxes of U.S. Human Rights Policy xiii CHAPTER 1 The U.S. System of Foreign Policy Making 1(28) Theories of Foreign Policy 2(5) Foreign Policy Actors 7(10) Tools of U.S. Human Rights Foreign Policy 17(2) What Is Foreign Aid? 19(3) Foreign Aid and Human Rights 22(5) Conclusion 27(2) CHAPTER 2 A Matter of Unintended Consequences: The Nixon and Ford Administrations 29(24) Realpolitik 30(3) Congress and the Imperial President 33(11) The Helsinki Conference 44(2) The Executive Branch Rebuff 46(3) The Public, Nongovernmental Organizations, the Media, and the Human Rights Agenda 49(2) Conclusion 51(2) CHAPTER 3 U.S. Human Rights Policy, the Unintended Victim: The Carter Administration 53(28) Idealism 54(2) The Implementation of U.S. Human Rights Policy 56(6) Human Rights Policy as an Unintended Victim 62(10) Idealism in a Realist World 72(2) Congress as a Continued Force for Human Rights 74(4) Conclusion 78(3) CHAPTER 4 The Contradictions of U.S. Human Rights Policy: The Reagan Administration 81(32) Conservative Realism 82(4) The Renewed Cold War Warrior 86(4) U.S. Foreign Aid 90(5) The Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs 95(3) Congress' Continued Role 98(8) Institutionalizing Human Rights 106(4) Conclusion 110(3) CHAPTER 5 Human Rights in the New World Order: The George H.W. Bush Administration 113(24) A Pragmatic Conservative Realist 115(2) Bush's Leadership Style and Relationship with Congress 117(1) Political Expediency in International Crises 118(8) The War on Drugs and Human Rights Abuses 126(4) A Kinder, Gentler Central America Policy 130(2) Foreign Aid 132(1) Conclusion 133(4) CHAPTER 6 Selling Off Human Rights: The Clinton Administration 137(28) Liberal Internationalism 139(3) Repudiated Idealism: The Selling Off of Human Rights 142(7) Assertive Multilateralism 149(6) Foreign Aid 155(3) Congressional Human Rights Initiatives 158(4) Conclusion 162(3) CHAPTER 7 U.S. Human Rights Policy, the Calculated Victim: The George W. Bush Administration 165(26) Neoconservativism 167(3) The New Imperial Presidency: Bush's Grab for Power 170(4) Democracy at the Point of a Gun 174(5) Foreign Aid 179(5) A Stain on Our Country's Honor 184(4) Conclusion 188(3) CHAPTER 8 Conclusion: Paradox Lost? 191(6) Notes 197(16) References 213(14) Index 227