Violence and Culture : A Cross-Cultural and Interdisciplinary Approach

PREFACE xi Chapter 1 Cross-Cultural Approaches to Violence: The Problem of Definition and Research 1(30) Defining Violence 4(9) Force 5(1) Intention 5(1) Personhood 6(1) Rationality 6(2) Legitimacy 8(1) Perspective 9(4) Analyzing Violence: Further Issues 13(8) General Factors in the Creation of Violence 13(2) The Group Effect 15(1) The Will to Differentiate 16(2) Cognitive Dissonance 18(1) Desensitization 19(1) Self-Esteem 20(1) Studying Violence: Opportunities and Challenges 21(8) Definition and Operationalization 22(1) Issues in Cross-Cultural Studies 23(4) Methodological Issues in Large-Survey Research 27(2) Retrospect and Prospect 29(2) Chapter 2 Theoretical Approaches to Violence: Biological, Psychological, and Social 31(30) Supernatural Theories 32(2) Being(s) or Force(s) of Evil 32(1) Human Nature, or Human Will 33(1) Scientific Theories 34(19) Biological Theories 34(5) Psychological Theories 39(6) Psychoanalysis 40(1) Behaviorism 41(2) Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis 43(1) Social Learning Theory 43(1) Rational Choice Theory 44(1) Social Theories 45(8) Functionalism 46(2) Functional Conflict: Simmel and Coser 48(1) Conflict and Cultural Integration 49(1) Conflict Theory 50(2) The Value of Violence: Georges Sorel 52(1) Further Social Theories of Violence 53(6) Socialization and Development of the Self 53(2) Anomie Theory 55(1) Labeling Theory 56(1) Cultural Materialism 57(1) Process Theory 58(1) Retrospect and Prospect 59(2) Chapter 3 Violence in Cross-Cultural Context: Introduction and Nonviolent Societies 61(26) The Social Grounds of Violence and Nonviolence 62(8) Cooperation and Competition in Peaceful Societies 70(16) Case Study 1: NONVIOLENCE IN THE SEMAI OF MALAYSIA 74(3) Case Study 2: THE EVEN-TEMPERED UTKU OF NORTHERN CANADA 77(3) Case Study 3: JAINISM A RELIGION OF NONVIOLENCE 80(2) Case Study 4: INVISIBLE VIOLENCE IN THE PIAROA OF VENEZUELA 82(2) Case Study 5: THE FRIENDLY HEADHUNTING ILONGOT OF THE PHILIPPINES 84(2) Retrospect and Prospect 86(1) Chapter 4 Violence in Cross-Cultural Context: Traditional and Complex Violent Societies 87(28) Violent Traditional Societies 87(12) Case Study 1: SYSTEMIC VIOLENCE IN THE YANOMAMO OF VENEZUELA 88(3) Case Study 2: AMBIVALENT VIOLENCE IN THE GISU OF UGANDA 91(1) Case Study 3: VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE VIOLENCE IN THE MKAKO OF CAMEROON 92(2) Case Study 4: THE WARRIOR CULTURE OF THE CHEYENNE IN NORTH AMERICA 94(3) Case Study 5: VIOLENCE AND CULTURE CHANGE IN THE SURI OF ETHIOPIA 97(2) Violent Complex Societies 99(14) Case Study 1: SOCIETY AS ARMED CAMP IN ANCIENT SPARTA 99(4) Case Study 2: VIOLENCE, TRADITION, AND IDENTITY IN MODERN ALBANIA 103(2) Case Study 3: THE RITUAL OF THE BULLFIGHT IN SPAIN 105(1) Case Study 4: SOCCER HOOLIGANISM IN BRITAIN 106(2) Case Study 5: THE BEAUTY OF VIOLENCE IN TRADITIONAL (AND MODERN) JAPAN 108(5) Retrospect and Prospect 113(2) Chapter 5 Gender and Intimate Violence 115(33) Conceptualizing Gender and Family Violence 116(4) Definition and Operationalization 116(1) Model and Theory 117(3) Gender Violence in Cross-Cultural Perspective 120(12) Violence against Women in Non-Western Societies 120(10) Case Study 1: BRIDES ARE BURNING-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA 125(5) Violence against Women in Western Societies 130(2) Child-Directed Violence 132(7) Exceptional Forms of Child Abuse 133(2) The Major Categories of Child Abuse 135(4) The Most Intimate Violence: Suicide 139(1) Hurting without Hitting: Structural Violence 140(7) Case Study 2: STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE AND THE ORDINARY LIVES OF THE POOR IN BRAZIL 142(5) Retrospect and Prospect 147(1) Chapter 6 Religious Violence: Introduction 148(28) Groups and Believers 150(4) Religious Beliefs and Violence 154(17) Religion as Explanation of Evil 154(7) Religion as justification of Evil 161(10) Sacrifice and Martyrdom 171(3) Retrospect and Prospect 174(2) Chapter 7 Religious Violence: Case Studies 176(29) Case Study 1: THE PERSECUTION OF HERETICS IN CHRISTIANITY 177(5) Case Study 2: TERRORISM AND SEPTEMBER 11 182(5) Case Study 3: APOCALYPSE SOON-POISON GAS, MOTHER-SHIPS, AND SOLDIERS FOR CHRIST 187(12) Aum Shinrikyo: Apocalypse in Japan 188(2) Heaven's Gate: Self-Destruction for the Next Level 190(4) Soldiers for Christ 194(5) Case Study 4: SIKHISM-SAINT SOLDIERS 199(2) Case Study 5: WARRIOR CULTS-THUGS AND ASSASSINS 201(2) Retrospect and Prospect 203(2) Chapter 8 Political Violence: Introduction 205(32) Politics as a Macrosocial Factor in Violence 206(3) Understanding Political Violence 209(4) A Typology of Political Violence 213(22) Polity versus Polity 214(3) People versus Polity 217(12) Polity versus People 229(4) People versus People 233(2) Retrospect and Prospect 235(2) Chapter 9 Political Violence: Case Studies 237(30) Case Study 1: THE "REIGN OF TERROR" IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 238(8) Case Study 2: "THEORETICAL REVOLUTION"-BOLSHEVISM IN RUSSIA 246(7) Case Study 3: AT WAR WITH HISTORY IN BOSNIA 253(7) Case Study 4: "TRIBAL" GENOCIDE IN RWANDA 260(6) Retrospect and Prospect 266(1) Chapter 10 Violence in American Society: Introduction 267(26) The Scope of Violence in the United States 268(5) The Uniform Crime Report 268(2) The National Crime Victimization Survey 270(3) Explaining American Violence 273(19) The Psychocultural Dimension 274(6) The Macrosocial Dimension 280(5) Urbanization 281(1) Race and Ethnic Stratification and Competition 282(1) Gender Relations 283(1) History and Geography 284(1) The Microsocial Dimension: Family 285(10) Parenting and Child Abuse 286(2) Domestic Violence and Spouse Abuse 288(4) Retrospect and Prospect 292(1) Chapter 11 Violence in American Society: Case Studies 293(34) Case Study 1: WORKPLACE VIOLENCE 294(5) Type 1: INTRUSIVE VIOLENCE 295(1) Type 2: CONSUMER-RELATED VIOLENCE 295(1) Type 3: RELATIONSHIP VIOLENCE 296(1) Type 4: ORGANIZATIONAL VIOLENCE 297(2) Case Study 2: SCHOOLVIOLENCE 299(6) Case Study 3: GANG VIOLENCE 305(8) Case Study 4: RIGHT-WING/MILITIA VIOLENCE 313(8) Case Study 5: AMERICAN PSYCHO-SERIAL KILLERS AND PSYCHOPATHS 321(4) Retrospect and Prospect 325(2) Glossary 327(2) Bibliography 329(10) Index 339