Davis, F. James

Who is Black? : One Nation's Definition

Preface ix The Nation's Rule 1(16) The One-Drop Rule Defined 4(2) Black Leaders, But Predominantly White 6(2) Plessy, Phipps, and Other Challenges in the Courts 8(3) Census Enumeration of Blacks 11(2) Uniqueness of the One-Drop Rule 13(4) Miscegenation and Beliefs 17(14) Racial Classification and Miscegenation 19(4) Racist Beliefs About Miscegenation 23(4) The Judge Brady Paradox 27(1) Miscegenation in Africa and Europe 28(1) Race vs. Beliefs About Race 29(2) Conflicting Rules 31(20) Early Miscegenation in the Upper South: The Rule Emerges 33(1) South Carolina and Louisiana: A Different Rule 34(4) Miscegenation on Black Belt Plantations 38(4) Reconstruction and the One-Drop Rule 42(4) The Status of Free Mulattoes, North and South 46(1) The Emergence and Spread of the One-Drop Rule 47(4) The Rule Becomes Firm 51(30) Creation of the Jim Crow System 52(2) The One-Drop Rule Under Jim Crow 54(4) Effects of the Black Renaissance of the 1920s 58(2) The Rule and Mydral's Rank Order of Discriminations 60(6) Sexual Norms and the Rule: Jim Crow vs. Apartheid 66(2) Effects of the Fall of Jim Crow 68(2) De Facto Segregation and Miscegenation 70(3) Miscegenation Since the 1960s 73(4) Development of the One-Drop Rule in the Twentieth Century 77(4) Other Places, Other Definitions 81(42) Racial Hybrid Status Lower than Both Parent Groups 82(5) Status Higher than Either Parent Group 87(3) In-Between Status: South Africa and Others 90(9) Highly Variable Class Status: Latin America 99(6) Two Variants in the Caribbean 105(4) Equality for the Racially Mixed in Hawaii 109(4) Same Status as the Subordinate Group: The One-Drop Rule 113(4) Status of an Assimilating Minority 117(2) Contrasting Socially Constructed Rules 119(4) Black Acceptance of the Rule 123(48) Alex Haley, Lillian Smith, and Others 124(4) Transracial Adoptions and the One-Drop Rule 128(4) Rejection of the Rule: Garvey, American Indians, and Others 132(5) Black Acceptance: Reasons and Implications 137(5) Ambiguities, Strains, Conflicts, and Traumas The Death of Walter White's Father and Other Traumas 142(2) Collective Anxieties About Racial Identity: Some Cases 144(5) Personal Identity: Seven Modes of Adjustment 149(1) Lena Horne's Struggles with Her Racial Identity 150(6) Problems of Administering the One-Drop Rule 156(4) Misperceptions of the Racial Identity of South Asians, Arabs, and Others 160(4) Sampling Errors in Studying American Blacks 164(3) Blockage of Full Assimilation of Blacks 167(1) Costs of the One-Drop Rule 168(3) Issues and Prospects 171(18) A Massive Distortion? A Monstrous Myth? 172(3) Clues for Change in Deviations from the Rule 175(1) Clues for Change in Costs of the Rule 176(4) Possible Direction: Which Alternative? 180(4) Prospects for the Future 184(5) Epilogue To the Tenth Anniversary Edition 189(12) Works Cited 201(8) Index 209