Wireless Sensor Networks

Preface xiii Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 1(20) Nirupama Bulusu The Push: Technological Advances 1(1) The Pull: Applications 2(1) Monitoring Space 3(1) Monitoring Objects 3(1) Systems Challenges 3(1) Systems Taxonomy 4(2) Scale 5(1) Variability 5(1) Autonomy 6(1) State of the Art 6(8) Sensing and Actuation: Microelectro Mechanical Systems 6(1) Energy 7(2) Wireless Communication 9(1) Embedded Devices 9(2) Operating Systems 11(1) Distributed System Architecture 12(2) Future Trends 14(7) References 17(4) Potential Field Methods for Mobile-Sensor-Network Deployment 21(14) Andrew Howard Sameera Poduri Introduction 21(1) Related Work 22(1) Sensor-Node Capabilities 23(1) Potential Fields: Theory and Implementation 23(3) Coverage 26(2) Constrained Coverage 28(4) Conclusion 32(3) References 32(3) Sensor Fault Detection and Calibration 35(10) Nirupama Bulusu Tatiana Bokareva Introduction 35(1) Continuous Valued Sensors 36(3) Physical State Variables and Concrete and Abstract Sensors 36(1) Fault-Tolerant Abstract Sensors 37(1) Fault-Tolerant Sensor Averaging 37(1) Replicated Sensor Performance 38(1) Limitations 38(1) Correlated Sensing Modalities 39(1) Sensor Redundancy 39(3) Pairwise Calibration 40(1) Consistency Maximization 41(1) Discussion 42(1) Conclusion 42(3) References 43(2) Localization 45(14) Nirupama Bulusu Introduction 45(1) Application Requirements 46(1) Localization Systems Components 47(6) Measurement Techniques 47(3) System Architecture 50(1) Robust Positioning Algorithms 51(2) Recent Developments 53(2) Conclusion 55(4) References 56(3) Time Synchronization 59(16) Saurabh Ganeriwal Jeremy Elson Mani Srivastava Introduction 59(1) Models for Time Synchronization 60(1) Sources of Delay 61(2) Approaches to Synchronization Algorithms 63(4) Sender-Receiver Synchronization 63(3) Receiver-Receiver Synchronization 66(1) Analysis 67(1) Protocols 67(2) Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks 67(1) Reference Broadcast Synchronization 68(1) Other Protocols 69(1) Discussion 69(2) Long-Term Synchronization 70(1) Conclusion 71(4) References 72(3) Energy Conservation in Sensor Networks at the Link and Network Layers 75(12) John Heidemann Wei Ye Introduction 75(1) Radio Transmission Power Control 75(2) Medium Access Control 77(3) Topology-Control Protocols: Between MAC and Routing 80(1) Routing 81(1) Energy Conservation in Today's and Tomorrow's Applications 82(1) Conclusion 83(4) References 83(4) Multihop Routing 87(12) Nirupama Bulusu Introduction 87(2) Multihop Routing For Data Gathering 89(4) Application Scenario: Data Gathering 89(1) Building the Data-Gathering Tree 90(1) Clustering: From Tree to Forest 91(1) Geographic Routing 92(1) Routing Components 93(4) Link-Quality Estimation 94(1) Neighborhood Management under Limited Memory 95(1) Route Selection 95(2) Evaluation 97(1) Conclusion 97(2) References 97(2) Reliable Transmission and Congestion Control 99(20) Ozgur B. Akan Mehmet C. Vuran Introduction 99(1) Reliable Transmission in WSNs 100(12) Physical-Layer Reliability 100(3) Link-Layer Reliability 103(4) Network-Layer Reliability 107(2) Transport-Layer Reliability 109(3) Congestion Control in WSNs 112(3) Conclusion 115(4) References 115(4) Energy-Harvesting-Aware Power Management 119(14) Aman Kansal Mani Srivastava Introduction 119(1) Harvesting Technologies 120(2) Solar Energy 121(1) Vibration Energy 121(1) Other Sources 122(1) Descriptions of the Components of a Harvesting Node 122(2) Harvesting-Aware Power Management 124(3) Harvesting Theory 124(2) Scheduling Algorithms 126(1) Distributed Harvesting 127(3) Communication Protocol 128(1) Distributed Power Management 129(1) Conclusion 130(3) References 131(2) Sensor-Coordinated Actuation 133(12) Gaurav Sukhatme Introduction 133(1) Mobile-Robot-Assisted Sensor-Network Deployment and Repair 134(1) Using a Sensor Network to Mediate Robot Task Allocation 135(3) Navigation 135(1) Task Allocation 136(2) Coupling Local Sampling and Robotic Mobility to Detect Properties of a Scalar Field 138(3) Using a Large Number of Mobile Sensors Only 138(1) Using a Small Number of Mobile Sensors and a Large Number of Static Sensors 139(2) Related Work 141(1) Conclusion 142(3) References 142(3) Sensor-Network Tomography 145(12) Jerry Zhao Ramesh Govindan Introduction 145(1) Monitoring WSNs 146(3) Design Challenges 146(1) Related Work 147(1) Sensor-Network Tomography: A Monitoring Architecture 148(1) Sensor-Network Scan and Digest 149(5) Design Principles 149(1) Sensor-Network Scan: Taking a Global Snapshot 150(2) Sensor-Network Digest: Collecting Vital System Metrics 152(2) Conclusion 154(3) References 154(3) Enabling Data- and Event-centric Communications 157(20) Wendi Heinzelman Mark Perillo Amy Murphy Introduction 157(2) Example Data-and Event-centric Applications 159(2) Environmental Surveillance 159(2) Medical Monitoring 161(1) Architectures to Support QoS and Resource Management 161(7) Low-Layer Management 162(1) Middleware Management 163(4) Cross-Layer Management 167(1) Example Application Design Using a Cross-Layer Architecture 168(4) Discussion 172(5) References 174(3) Storage Issues in Sensor Networks 177(14) Deepak Ganesan Ben Greenstein Introduction 177(2) Key Systems Building Blocks 179(1) Geographic Routing 179(1) Geographic Hashing for Rendezvous 179(1) Hierarchical Indexing and Multiresolution Processing 180(1) Taxonomy of Data Storage and Indexing Solutions 180(2) Local Storage and Geographical Search 181(1) Local Storage with Distributed Indexing 182(1) Multiresolution Storage and Indexing 182(1) Distributed Multiresolution Storage and Search 182(6) Architecture 183(3) Usage Models 186(2) Conclusion 188(3) References 188(3) A Whole-Network Approach to Sensor-Network Programming 191(24) Matt Welsh Sam Madden Introduction: Goals and Challenges 192(1) Proposed Approach: Macroprogramming 192(1) Abstract Regions: Energy-Aware Collective Communications for Macroprogramming 193(6) Abstract Regions Programming Model 194(1) Abstract-Region Implementations 195(1) Quality Feedback and Tuning Interface 196(1) Application Examples 197(2) TinyDB 199(7) Query Language 200(1) Aggregation Queries 201(1) Query Dissemination and Result Collection 202(2) Query Processing 204(1) Communication Scheduling and Aggregate Queries 204(2) TASK 206(5) The Garden Deployment 207(4) Related Work 211(1) Future Directions 211(4) References 213(2) Sensor-Network Security, Privacy, and Fault Tolerance 215(20) Jing Deng Richard Han Shivkant Mishra Introduction 215(1) Security Threats in WSNs 216(2) Design Goals and Challenges of WSN Security 218(1) Cryptographic Primitives 219(3) SPINS: Security Protocols for Sensor Networks 219(2) TinySec 221(1) Public-Key Schemes in a Sensor Node 221(1) Pairwise-Key Management 222(1) Secure and Fault-Tolerant WSN Routing 223(5) INSENS Intrusion-Tolerant Routing 224(2) Protecting the Base Station 226(1) Fault Tolerance 227(1) Securing Hierarchical Sensor-Network Communication 227(1) Defending against DoS Attacks during Data Delivery 227(1) Data Aggregation 228(1) Physical Protection 228(2) Privacy and Anonymity 230(1) Conclusion and Future Work 231(4) References 231(4) Habitat Monitoring with ZebraNet: Design and Experiences 235(24) P. Zhang C. M. Sadler T. Liu I. Fischoff M. Martonosi S. A. Lyon D. I. Rubenstein Introduction 235(1) Habitat Monitoring and ZebraNet's Biology Goals 236(2) Wildlife Tracking and Habitat Research: Background 236(1) Habitat Monitoring and Mobile Sensors 237(1) ZebraNet System Overview 238(5) Evolution of Our Hardware 239(4) The Impala Middleware System 243(7) Impala System Layers 244(1) Regular Operation Scheduling 245(1) Event-Handling Model 246(1) Communication Characteristics and Impala Networking 247(1) Time-slot-based Media Access Control 247(1) Impala Evaluations 248(2) Deployment 250(3) Related Work 253(2) Conclusion 255(4) References 255(4) Sensor Webs in the Wild 259(14) Kevin A. Delin Introduction 259(1) The Sensor Web: A Different Type of Wireless Network 259(3) Sensor Web Pods 262(2) Sensor Web Deployments 264(6) Deployment Operations 270(1) The Future 271(1) Acknowledgments 272(1) References 272(1) Defense Systems: Self Healing Land Mines 273(16) William. M. Merrill Lewis Girod Brian Schiffer Dustin McIntire Guillaume Rava Katayoun Sohrabi Fredric Newberg Jeremy Elson William Kaiser Introduction 273(1) SHM System Need for a WSN and Program History 274(1) SHM Hardware 275(2) SHM Software 277(1) SHM Design Methodology 277(3) SHM Operation 280(6) Conclusion 286(3) References 286(3) Workplace Applications for Sensor Networks 289(20) W. Steven Conner John Heidemann Lakshman Krishnamurthy Xi Wang Mark Yarvis Introduction 289(1) Hardware for Workplace Sensor-Network Deployment 290(4) Sensor Nodes 291(1) Display Nodes 292(1) Handheld Nodes 293(1) Gateway Nodes 293(1) Conference-Room Application 294(5) Architecture and Operation 295(3) Application Challenges 298(1) Communication Protocols 298(1) Follow-Me Application 299(6) Hardware 300(1) Protocols 300(4) User Interaction 304(1) Other Applications 305(1) Reusable Tools and Techniques 306(1) Conclusion 307(2) References 307(2) About the Editors 309(2) Index 311