Witchcraft and Magic in Europe : The Middle Ages

Introduction ix Bengt Ankarloo Stuart Clark PART 1: MEDIEVAL MAGIC: DEFINITIONS, BELIEFS, PRACTICES 1(72) Karen Jolly Definitions of Magic 6(7) Historiographic Models 7(6) Beliefs about Magic: Conceptual Shifts and the Nature of the Evidence 13(14) The Conversion Phase and the Early Middle Ages 14(6) Paradigm Shifts in and after the Twelfth Century 20(3) The Rise of Magic in the Late Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries 23(4) The Practice of Magic: Popular and Courtly Traditions 27(46) Medical Magic: Healing Body and Soul 30(12) `Deliver us from Evil': Protective Formulas, Rituals, Amulets and Talismans 42(11) Controlling the Future: Popular Forms of Divination 53(5) Occult Knowledge: Sorcery and Necromancy 58(8) Magic as Entertainment 66(7) PART 2: TROLLDOMR IN EARLY MEDIEVAL SCANDINAVIA 73(100) Catharina Raudvere Introduction 75(1) Images of the Past 75(5) Witchcraft or Trolldomr? 80(3) The Concept of Trolldomr: Mentalities and Beliefs 83(26) The Concept of Trolldomr 86(4) Speaking Out 90(6) Fate and Destiny 96(1) Prosperity and Envy 97(4) The Human Soul 101(2) Shapeshifting 103(4) Knowledge and Destiny: Trolldomr Beliefs in the Old Norse World View 107(2) Trolldomr Rituals: Practice and Performance 109(42) Performing Seior: For Better or Worse 110(2) The Mythical Origin of Seior 112(2) Freyja: The Prime Seiokona 114(1) Ooinn: Mythical Chieftain and Master of Seior 115(2) Gender and the Performance of Seior in Mythological Narratives 117(3) The Tradition of Seior as a Divination Ritual in the Saga Literature 120(1) Porbjorg Litil-Volva's Performance of Seior at Herjolfsnes 121(6) Frequent Themes in Accounts of Seior 127(4) The Cult of the Volsi and Other Private Rituals 131(5) Performed Malevolence 136(1) Porbjorg and his Fostermother Fighting the Outlaw Grettir 137(2) Kotkell Performs Seior Twice with his Family 139(3) Apotropaic Acts and Rituals 142(4) Trolldomr and Love 146(3) Heal or Destroy: The Ambiguity of Performing Trolldomr 149(2) The Legal Code: Law and Trial 151(22) The Oral Law Tradition 151(1) The Social Organization of the Law 152(2) Trial and Ritual 154(1) Something Has Happened 155(2) Guilt and Responsibilities 157(16) Bibliographical Note 162(1) Notes 163(10) PART 3: THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH AND STATE ON SUPERSTITION, MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT: FROM AUGUSTINE TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 173(73) Edward Peters Superstition and Magic from Augustine to Isidore of Seville 178(9) Superstition and Magic in the Germanic Law Collections 187(7) Early Canon Law and Carolingian Legislation to 1100 194(13) The Legal and Theological Literature of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 207(11) Political Sorcery at the Turn of the Fourteenth Century 218(5) Sorcerer and Witch 223(15) Superstition, Magic and Witchcraft on the Eve of the Reformation 238(8) Bibliography 246(27) Index 273