Words Derived from Old Norse in Early Middle English : Studies in the Vocabulary of the South-West Midland Texts

Preface xiii List of Abbreviations and Symbols xv Notes on Terminology and Conventions xxi Map: The West Midlands in the Middle Ages xxiii Part A Introduction and Historical Background Introductory remarks 1(2) The analysis of Norse-derived words and the present investigation 3(14) The historical background 17(19) Defining the region: linguistic and political boundaries 17(3) Mercia and the Scandinavian settlements: indirect influence on the SWM 20(7) Direct Scandinavian influence within the SWM 27(6) Worcester and York 33(3) Sources Lexical searching in general 36(1) The texts 37(31) Ancrene Wisse 39(9) The ``Katherine Group'' 48(4) The ``Wohunge Group'' 52(4) La3amon's Brut 56(4) The ``Lambeth Homilies'' 60(3) The ``Worcester Fragments'' 63(2) The glosses of the ``Tremulous Hand'' 65(3) Processes of Loan and the Identification of Norse-Derived Words Introductory 68(1) Etymological preliminaries 69(2) Terminology and models 71(3) The Old Norse-derived material 74(23) ``Loanwords'' 74(1) Strong phonological criteria and other comparative evidence 74(9) Weaker phonological criteria and orthographic inconsistency 83(3) Items without formal evidence for Norse derivation 86(5) ``Loanshifts'' 91(1) ``Loan-translations'' 92(1) ``Semantic loans'' 93(1) ``Loan-blends'' vs. ``hybrid creation'' 94(3) More theoretical models: recovering the contact situation 97(7) Form: Phonology, Morphology, and Word-Formation Introductory 104(1) Phonology 104(38) The vowels 106(6) Vowels in syllables with full stress 112(18) Vowels in syllables with light stress 130(1) The consonants 131(1) Single consonants 132(6) Medial and final consonant clusters (except ON /sk/) 138(3) ON /sk/ (in any position) 141(1) Implications of the phonology: dating and provenance 142(13) Implications of English phonological development 143(6) Implications of phonological development in the Scandinavian languages 149(6) Morphology and word-formation 155(30) Nouns 157(9) Adjectives 166(1) Adverbs 167(1) Verbs 168(2) Verbal class: classification 170(6) Verbal class: discussion 176(9) Context: Distribution, Semantics, Style Introductory 185(2) The wider context 187(13) Lexemes found solely in the SWM data 187(2) Lexemes also recorded outside the SWM data: period of first record Lexemes recorded earlier 189(6) Lexemes first recorded in the SWM data 195(2) Lexemes also recorded outside the SWM data: dialectal distribution 197(3) Semantic analysis 200(33) Conceptual fields 200(2) Classification 202(10) Comments 212(1) Lexical fields 213(4) Classification Norse-derived items that are very much dominant 217(3) Norse-derived items that are dominant, but with relatively numerous synonyms 220(1) Norse-derived items vying with their synonyms 221(1) Norse-derived items that are relatively frequent, but whose synonyms are more so 222(2) Norse-derived items heavily outnumbered by their synonyms 224(3) Items that differ between texts 227(2) Discussion 229(4) Stylistic context: marked syntagmatic relationships 233(28) Lexis marked through participation in literary constructs 236(1) Formulaic collocation 236(11) Consistent use for purposes of alliteration or rhyme 247(6) Sequential variation 253(4) Lexemes marked according to other overtones 257(1) Proverbial 257(2) ``Low'' or ``demotic'' 259(2) Lexis `unmarked' contextually 261(1) Discussion: defining stylistic ``register'' for Norse-derived lexis 261(9) Unmarked or ``core'' vocabulary 263(3) Marked lexis: ``marginal'' or ``non-core'' items with literary-stylistic functions 266(3) Other registers 269(1) SWM distribution: comparison of texts and traditions 270(15) Conclusions: The South-West Midlands and the Diffusion of Norse-Derived Lexis Introductory 285(2) The entry of Norse-derived lexis into the SWM 287(46) Direct loan? 287(2) The penetration of ``grammatical'' elements 289(9) Topographical description 298(2) Inter-dialectal diffusion: pre-Conquest ``official'' usage 300(5) Diffusion by other means: theories of lexical transmission 305(11) ``Marginal'', stylistically-motivated lexis: some further remarks 316(17) Summary and concluding remarks Part B Material: Old Norse-Derived Words found in the South-West Midland Texts Introductory remarks 333(4) Citation order of texts and manuscripts in entries in B.1 and B.2 337(1) Summary of the material in figures 337(2) Material 339(49) Rejected Items 388(21) Borderline items: full details 389(14) More dubious suggestions: summary 403(6) Notes on Etymological and Textual Difficulties 409(52) Lexemes likely to be derived from Old Norse 409(35) Lexemes unlikely to be derived from Old Norse 444(17) Bibliography 461(32) General Index 493(13) Index of Lexical Items 506