Handbook of Cognitive Science

<br>Contents</br><br>Preface </br><br>List of Contributors </br><br> 1 Directions for an Embodied Cognitive Science: Toward an Integrated Approach </br><br> Cognitivism in a Blind Alley </br><br> Alternative Approaches to Cognitivism </br><br> Post-Cognitivism in the Making: Common Ground and Conceptual Issues </br><br> Scaling up: Higher Level Cognitive Processes </br><br> Acknowledgments</br><br>Section I The Interactive Architecture of Cognition: Conceptual Issues </br><br> 2 Is Embodiment Necessary? </br><br> Critiques </br><br> Interactive Representation </br><br> What Kind of Embodiment? </br><br> Conclusion </br><br> 3 Embodiment and Explanation </br><br> Three Threads </br><br> The Separability Thesis </br><br> Beyond Flesh-Eating Functionalism </br><br> Ada, Adder, and Odder </br><br> A Tension Revealed </br><br> Participant Machinery and Morphological Computation </br><br> Quantifying Embodiment </br><br> Conclusions </br><br> Acknowledgments </br><br> 4 Can a Swarm be Embodied? </br><br> Introduction </br><br> Three Examples of Swarms </br><br> Artifi cial Swarms and Strong Embodiment </br><br> Is a Living Swarm an Embodied Entity? </br><br> Conclusion </br><br>Section II Robotics and Autonomous Agents </br><br> 5 CajunBot: A Case Study in Embodied Cognition </br><br> Introduction </br><br> CajunBot and the DARPA Grand Challenge, 2005 </br><br> CajunBot Sensor Systems </br><br> Path Planning </br><br> Steering Control </br><br> Simulations </br><br> CajunBot Performance and Results </br><br> Conclusion </br><br> Acknowledgments </br><br> 6 The Dynamics of Brain–Body–Environment Systems: A Status Report </br><br> Introduction </br><br> Experimental Accomplishments </br><br> Theoretical Accomplishments </br><br> Outstanding Challenges </br><br> 7 The Synthetic Approach to Embodied Cognition: A Primer </br><br> Introduction</br><br> Basics </br><br> Body Dynamics and Morphology </br><br> Information Self-Structuring </br><br> Learning and Development </br><br> Case Study 1: Embodied Categorization </br><br> Case Study 2: Application of Embodied Cognition to Prosthetics </br><br> Discussion: The Interaction of Physical and Information Processes </br><br> Conclusion </br><br> 8 Animate Vision, Virtual Environments, and Neural Codes </br><br> Embodied Intelligence </br><br> An Avatar Control System Design </br><br> Summary: The Advantages of Embodied Cognition </br><br>Section III Perceiving and Acting </br><br> 9 Ecological Psychology: Six Principles for an Embodied–Embedded Approach to Behavior </br><br> Ecological Principle I: Organism–Environment Systems are the Proper Units of Analysis </br><br> Ecological Principle II: Environmental Realities Should Be Defined at the Ecological Scale </br><br> Ecological Principle III: Behavior Is Emergent and Self-Organized </br><br> Ecological Principle IV: Perception and Action are Continuous and Cyclic </br><br> Ecological Principle V: Information Is Specificational </br><br> Ecological Principle VI: Perception Is of Affordances </br><br> Conclusion </br><br> 10 Seeing What We Can Do: Insights into Vision and Action Through Observations of Natural Behavior</br><br> Introduction </br><br> Methods of Assessing Visual Processes in Isolation and in Concert </br><br> Isolating Visual Processes Within an Embodied Context </br><br> Trade-Offs Between Gaze and Working Memory Use </br><br> Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory Experiments and Natural Behavior </br><br> Future Directions of Research in Embodied Visual Cognition </br><br> 11 Why We Don’t Mind to be Inconsistent </br><br> Introduction </br><br> Detecting Attributes </br><br> Spatial Perception </br><br> Inconsistent Action </br><br> Combining Information </br><br> Conscious Perception </br><br>Section IV A Dynamic Brain </br><br> 12 Neuronal and Cortical Dynamical Mechanisms Underlying Brain Functions </br><br> Introduction </br><br> How to Build a Suitable Neuronal Model for a Psychological Experiment</br><br> Calculating the f MRI Signal for an Example Set Shifting Model </br><br> Response Times and Error Rates in an Example Set Shifting Task </br><br> Summary and Back to “color phi” </br><br> 13 Dynamic Field Theory as a Framework for Understanding Embodied Cognition </br><br> Dynamical Systems </br><br> Dynamic Neural Fields and Peaks as Units of Representation </br><br> Interactions Between Multiple Activation Peaks </br><br> Preshape in Dynamic Neural Fields </br><br> Categorical Behavior from Continuous Representations </br><br> Embodying Dynamic Neural Fields on Autonomous Robots </br><br> Conclusions </br><br> 14 A Lazy Brain? Embodied Embedded Cognition and Cognitive Neuroscience </br><br> Introduction </br><br> Overview </br><br> The Computational Unfeasibility of a Brain in Complete Control </br><br> Ignorantly Successful in a User-Friendly Environment </br><br> Generating Research Questions for Cognitive Neuroscience and Robotics </br><br> Conclusion</br><br>Section V Embodied Meaning </br><br> 15 The Role of Sensory and Motor Information in Semantic Representation: A Review </br><br> Introduction </br><br> Direct Versus Indirect Engagement </br><br> A Brief Review of the Evidence </br><br> Conclusions </br><br> 16 Embodied Concept Learning </br><br> How Concepts Are Learned </br><br> Evidence for Embodied Concepts </br><br> Learning Basic Words/Concepts </br><br> Learning and Using Abstract and Technical Words and Concepts </br><br> Conclusions</br><br> 17 Mathematics, the Ultimate Challenge to Embodiment: Truth and the Grounding of Axiomatic Systems </br><br> Mathematics, a Real Challenge to Embodiment </br><br> Everyday Embodied Mechanisms for Human Imagination </br><br> Mathematical Abstraction: The Embodiment of Axioms, Sets, and Hypersets </br><br> Everyday Abstraction: The Embodiment of Spatial Construals of Time and Their “Axioms” </br><br> Conclusion </br><br> 18 Embodiment for Education </br><br> Why Education? </br><br> Embodied Mathematics</br><br> Embodied Reading </br><br> PM and IM and Vocabulary Acquisition </br><br> PM and IM in Science Exposition </br><br> Conclusions </br><br>Section VI Scaling-Up </br><br> 19 How Did We Get from There to Here? An Evolutionary Perspective on Embodied Cognition </br><br> Introduction </br><br> Flexibility and Resemblance: Keys to Off-Line Embodiment?</br><br> Future Directions </br><br> 20 Thinking with the Body: Towards Hierarchical, Scalable Cognition </br><br> Introduction </br><br> Separating Mind and Body </br><br> The Phenomenon of Control </br><br> Control from Body to Mind </br><br> Integration Is Key </br><br> Conclusions </br><br> Acknowledgments </br><br> 21 On the Grounds of (X)-Grounded Cognition </br><br> The Massive Redeployment Hypothesis </br><br> Implications of MRH for X-Grounded Cognition </br><br> Conclusion </br><br> Acknowledgments </br><br>Section VII Emotion and Social Interaction</br><br> 22 Understanding Others: Embodied Social Cognition</br><br> An Embodied Approach </br><br> Implicit Simulation or Embodied Practices</br><br> Conclusion </br><br> 23 Getting to the Heart of Emotions and Consciousness</br><br> Introduction: Descriptive Foundations and Animation </br><br> On the Distinction Between Behavior and Movement </br><br> Concepts Emanating from Movement</br><br> Affective Feelings </br><br> Dynamic Congruency </br><br>Index </br><br></br>