Anaerobiosis and Stemness

<p>TABLE OF CONTENTS:PREFACESPECIAL REMARKS1) What entity could be called a “stem cell”?2) In situ “normoxia” vs. “hypoxia”Part I:ANAEROBIOSIS AND STEM CELL ENTITY1) The “hypoxic” stem cell niche2) Low O2 concentrations and the maintenances of stem cells ex vivo 3) Quiescence/proliferation issue and stem cell niche4) Metabolic peculiarities of the stem cell entity: energetic metabolism and oxidative status5) “Hypoxic” signaling, metabolic type, quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation </p> <p>Part II:ANAEROBIC-TO-AEROBIC EUKARYOTE EVOLUTION – A PARADIGM FOR STEM CELL SELF-RENEWAL, COMMITMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION?1) Evolution of eukaryotes with respect to the appearance and rise of oxygen in the atmosphere: anaerobiosis, facultative aerobiosis and aerobiosis 2) Evolution of mitochondria in eukaryotes and mitochondria “maturing” from stem cells to committed progenitors and mature cells3) Evolutionary origins of stemness: relationship between self-renewal and ancestral eukaryote biology; conservation of self-renewal principle in parallel with the adaptation to O24) Metabolic and genetic features of ancestral eukaryotes vs. metabolism and “master pluripotency genes” of stem cells5) Some other features concerning the analogy "stem cells - primitive eukaryotes": ABC transporters’ anaerobiosis/stemness link6) Harnessing anaerobic nature of stem cells for the use in regenerative medicine 7) Cancer stem cell case and evolutionary paradigm</p>