The Natural Anti-Gal Antibody as Foe Turned Friend in Medicine

<p>SECTION 1: ANTI-GAL BACKGROUND1. Anti-Gal in humans and its antigen the α-gal epitope2. Why do we produce anti-Gal: Evolutionary appearance of anti-Gal in Old World primates3. Anti-Gal comprises most of anti-blood group B antibodies: Landsteiner’s enigma4. Anti-Gal interaction with Trypanosoma, Leishmania and Plasmodium parasites5. Anti-Gal B cells are tolerized by α-gal epitopes in the absence of T cell help</p> <p>SECTION 2: ANTI-GAL AS FOE6. Anti-Gal and other immune barriers in xenotransplantation7. Anti-Gal IgE mediates allergies to red meat8. Anti-Gal and autoimmunity</p> <p>SECTION 3: ANTI-GAL AS FRIEND9. Anti-Gal mediated amplification of viral vaccine efficacy 10. Cancer immunotherapy by anti-Gal mediated in situ conversion of tumors into autologous vaccines11. Anti-Gal as cancer cell destroying antibody and as antibiotics targeted by α-gal bi-functional molecules12. Acceleration of wound and burn healing by anti-Gal/α-gal nanoparticles interaction</p> <p>SECTION 4: FUTURE HYPOTHETICAL DIRECTIONS13. Anti-Gal and anti-non gal antibodies in regeneration of extracellular matrix (ECM) bio-implants in humans 14. Post infarction regeneration of ischemic myocardium by intramyocardial injection of α-gal nanoparticles15. Regeneration of injured spinal cord and peripheral nerves by α-gal nanoparticles16. Inhalation of α-gal/sialic acid liposomes for decreasing influenza virus infection</p>