Investigative Psychology

Preface
Acknowledgements

PART I The Road to Investigative Psychology
The Emergence of Investigative Psychology from Offender Profiling

1 Introducing Investigative Psychology
Psychology and Investigations
The Emergence of IP
Origins in ′Offender Profiling′
The Investigative Cycle
Disciplines Drawn On by IP
Mind the Gap Bridging Policing and Psychology
System Integration versus Expert Opinion
Questions that Investigative Psychologists Ask
Beyond Crime and Criminals
Linking Theory and Practice
The Book Ahead
Summary
Further Reading
Questions for Discussion and Research

2 Foundations: Description and Classification
Psychology and Investigations
Historical Background
Profiling Emerges.
The Significance of Inference
Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling

3 The Coming of the Informed Detective
Medical Contributions
From Fact to Fiction to Fact
Distinguishing Deduction and Induction
Reverse Diagnosis
Serial Killers
Jack the Ripper
Beyond Speculation

4 The Age of Profiling and the Road to Investigative Psychology
Understanding Criminal Actions
The Emergence of Investigative Advice
The FBI Behavioral Science Unit
The Emergence of Investigative Psychology

PART II Fundamentals
A Framework for Studying Criminal Actions and Inferences about Offenders

5 The Radex of Criminality
The A – > C Equations
The Hierarchy of Criminal Variation
A Model of Criminal Variation
The Radex of Criminality
Development and Change

6 Personal Narratives of Crime
The Narratives of Criminality
Empirical Study of Criminal Narratives
Scripts and Narratives

7 Finding Action Patterns and Drawing Profiles
Criminal Actions
Salience
The Basis for Inferences
An Action System of Crime Differentiation
The Example of Arson
Narratives as Action Systems
Forms of Inference: Towards a Narrative Action System Model of Inference

8 Criminal Psychogeography
Modelling Criminals′ Use of Space
The Behavioural Approach and Propinquity
The Cognitive Approach and Morphology of Crime Locations
Settings for Personal Narratives
The Value of Imaginary Maps
Temporal Changes
Emotionality, Crime Type and Distance
Challenges to the Study of Criminal Geography
Research Agenda

9 Investigative Information
The Challenges of Investigative Information
Weaknesses in Identification and Eyewitness Testimony
Investigative Interviewing
Interview Procedures
The Cognitive Interview
PACE and PEACE
Research Approach to Investigative Information

10 Suspect Interviewing and Deception
The People of the Drama: Explanatory Roles in the Investigation of Crime
Strengths and Constraints of Investigative Information
Suspects
Ekman′s IEE Approach
Psychophysiological Lie Detectors
The Reid Approach to Interrogation
False Confessions
False Allegations
Written Accounts

PART III Profiling Criminal Actions
Models of Offending Behaviour and Applications of Investigative Psychology

11 Acquisitive Crime
Differentiating Acquisitive Crime
Problems with Typologies
Burglary
Modelling Burglary
Offending Styles: A Narrative Action System for Burglary
Robbery
Modelling Robbery
Modelling Fraud
Differentiating Fraud and Fraudsters
Narratives of Fraud

12 Sexual Offences
The Role of the Victim in Violent Crime
Strategies for Destruction of the Person
Differentiating Rape
Identifying Different Styles of Rape Action
Characteristics of Rapists
Sexual Assaults on Males
Stalking

13 Murder
Murder.
Offending Style in Murder: Understanding the Context of the Encounter
Contract Murder
Serial Murder
Sexual Murder
Offender Characteristics

14 Organised Crime
The Social Nature of Crime
What is Organised Crime?
Cultural Ideologies and Criminal Networks
Criminal ′Careers′ within Criminal ′Organisations′
Social Network Analysis
Destructive Organisational Psychology

15 Terrorism
The Great Variety of Terrorism
Difficulties in Studying Terrorists
Modes of Terrorism
Explanations for Terrorism
Terrorism as Process

16 Investigative Psychology in Action
Helping the Police with their Enquiries
Assessment and Improvement of Investigative Information
Decision Support Systems
Dragnet and Other Geographical Profiling Systems
Linking Cases (Comparative Case Analysis)
Emerging Areas of IP
Six Fundamentals of IP
The Wider Reaches of an Investigative Psychology
Conclusions
Further Reading
Questions for Discussion and Research
Glossary
References
Index