Authentic School Science

Preface. I: Background. I.1. Introduction. I.2. General Theoretical Grounding. I.3. Setting. II: Individual and Collaborative Construction of Knowledge. II.1. Individual Construction of Knowledge. II.2. Individual Constructions. II.3. Learning as Situated Activity. II.4. Collaborative Constructions. II.5. Studies on Collaborative Concept Mapping. II.6. Tools for Social Thinking. III: Framing and Solving Problems. III.1. Overview of Problem-Solving Research. III.2. Problem-Setting. III.3. Teacher Effects in Problem Setting. III.4. Finding Solutions. III.5. Concrete Modes of Thinking. IV: Interactions. IV.1. Characteristics of Student-Student Interactions. IV.2. Interactional Processes. IV.3. Structure of Interactions. IV.4. Communities of Knowledge. IV.5. A Framework for Teacher-Student Interactions. IV.6. Apprenticeship in Science Classrooms. IV.7. Microanalyses of Cognitive Apprenticeship. Conclusion. Epilogue. Bibliography. Index.