Nuclear Decommissioning

<p>Contributor contact details</p> <p>Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy</p> <p>Preface</p> <p>Dedication</p> <p>Chapter 1: Introduction to nuclear decommissioning: definitions and history</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>1.1 Semantics</p> <p>1.2 Definitions</p> <p>1.3 Reasons for publishing this book</p> <p>1.4 Planning for decommissioning</p> <p>1.5 Execution</p> <p>1.6 International experience</p> <p>1.7 Conclusions</p> <p>Part I: Planning: fundamental aspects of starting a nuclear decommissioning process</p> <p>Chapter 2: Overview of nuclear decommissioning principles and approaches</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>2.1 The scale of the decommissioning industry</p> <p>2.2 What is decommissioning?</p> <p>2.3 Reasons for final shutdown</p> <p>2.4 The no-action baseline</p> <p>2.5 History and evolution</p> <p>2.6 Responsibilities and interests of parties involved in decommissioning</p> <p>2.7 Overview of technical and nontechnical aspects relevant to decommissioning</p> <p>2.8 Future trends</p> <p>2.9 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 3: Nuclear decommissioning policy, infrastructure, strategies and project planning</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>3.1 Introduction</p> <p>3.2 Decommissioning policy</p> <p>3.3 Factors affecting decommissioning strategy</p> <p>3.4 Options for decommissioning</p> <p>3.5 The planning process</p> <p>3.6 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>3.7 Future trends</p> <p>3.8 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 4: Financing and economics of nuclear facility decommissioning</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>4.1 Introduction</p> <p>4.2 Nuclear decommissioning cost estimating and financing</p> <p>4.3 Recent experience in decommissioning</p> <p>4.4 Funding schemes</p> <p>4.5 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>4.6 Future trends</p> <p>4.7 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 5: Characterisation of radioactive materials in redundant nuclear facilities: key issues for the decommissioning plan</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>5.1 Introduction</p> <p>5.2 Characterisation objectives</p> <p>5.3 The radionuclide inventory</p> <p>5.4 Stages in the characterisation process</p> <p>5.5 Characterisation methods</p> <p>5.6 Equipment and measurement techniques for characterising wastes</p> <p>5.7 Hazardous materials</p> <p>5.8 Physical characterisation</p> <p>5.9 Economic issues</p> <p>5.10 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>5.11 Future trends</p> <p>5.12 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 6: Managing the transition from operation to decommissioning of a nuclear facility</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>6.1 Introduction</p> <p>6.2 Objectives of the transition period</p> <p>6.3 Strategic aspects</p> <p>6.4 Management and administrative aspects</p> <p>6.5 Implementation aspects</p> <p>6.6 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>6.7 Sources of further information</p> <p>Chapter 7: Nuclear decommissioning project organization, management and human resources</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>7.1 Introduction</p> <p>7.2 Organization responsible for decommissioning</p> <p>7.3 Responsibilities, qualifications and training</p> <p>7.4 Contractors versus operational staff</p> <p>7.5 Management of change</p> <p>7.6 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>7.7 Future trends</p> <p>7.8 Sources of further information</p> <p>Chapter 8: Public engagement and stakeholder consultation in nuclear decommissioning projects</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>8.1 Introduction</p> <p>8.3 Stakeholders relevant to the decommissioning process</p> <p>8.4 Identifying stakeholders</p> <p>8.5 The Dounreay low-level waste-disposal facility</p> <p>8.6 Factors that may influence stakeholder involvement in decommissioning</p> <p>8.7 How to handle stakeholders</p> <p>8.8 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>8.9 Future trends</p> <p>8.10 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>8.12 Appendix: list of abbreviations</p> <p>Chapter 9: Radiological protection in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities: safety, regulations and licensing</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>9.1 Introduction</p> <p>9.2 Personnel health and safety issues (ALARA)</p> <p>9.3 Environmental protection</p> <p>9.4 Risk prevention and decommissioning preparation</p> <p>9.5 National and international guidance</p> <p>9.6 The licensing process for decommissioning</p> <p>9.7 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>9.8 Future trends</p> <p>Chapter 10: Nuclear facility design and operation to facilitate decommissioning: lessons learned</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>10.1 Introduction</p> <p>10.2 Project factors relevant to design for decommissioning</p> <p>10.3 Physical features and practice to facilitate decommissioning</p> <p>10.4 Application of lessons learned: practical guidance</p> <p>10.5 Challenges and future trends</p> <p>10.6 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>10.7 Acknowledgement</p> <p>Part II: Execution: nuclear decommissioning processes and technologies, radioactive waste management, site rehabilitation and cleanup</p> <p>Chapter 11: Safe enclosure and entombment strategies in nuclear decommissioning projects</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>11.1 Introduction</p> <p>11.2 Definition of safe enclosure and entombment</p> <p>11.3 Examples for deferred dismantling strategies (safe enclosure)</p> <p>11.4 Examples for entombment</p> <p>11.5 Reasons for selecting the deferred dismantling option</p> <p>11.6 Preparatory activities</p> <p>11.7 Management of a safe enclosure/entombment period</p> <p>11.8 National approaches and international guidance</p> <p>11.9 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>11.10 Future trends</p> <p>11.11 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 12: Dismantling and demolition processes and technologies in nuclear decommissioning projects</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>12.1 Introduction</p> <p>12.2 Thermal cutting techniques</p> <p>12.3 Mechanical cutting techniques</p> <p>12.4 Factors affecting selection of cutting processes and technology</p> <p>12.5 Cutting versus intact handling of large components</p> <p>12.6 Demolition of buildings</p> <p>12.7 Application of specific cutting techniques: pros and cons</p> <p>12.8 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>12.9 Emerging techniques and future trends</p> <p>12.10 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 13: Decontamination processes and technologies in nuclear decommissioning projects</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>13.1 Introduction</p> <p>13.2 Why and when to decontaminate</p> <p>13.3 Decontamination of metals</p> <p>13.4 Decontamination of building surfaces</p> <p>13.5 Factors affecting selection of decontamination processes and technology</p> <p>13.6 Application of specific decontamination techniques: pros and cons</p> <p>13.7 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>13.8 Emerging techniques and future trends</p> <p>13.9 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 14: Remote operation and robotics technologies in nuclear decommissioning projects</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>14.1 Introduction</p> <p>14.2 Remote operation and robotics: definitions and principles</p> <p>14.3 Development and application of remotely operated and robotics technologies in decommissioning</p> <p>14.4 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>14.5 Future trends</p> <p>14.6 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 15: Radioactive waste management in nuclear decommissioning projects</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>15.1 Introduction</p> <p>15.2 Spent fuel removal as a prerequisite to decommissioning</p> <p>15.3 Airborne, waterborne and solid waste from decommissioning: amounts and characterization</p> <p>15.4 Ventilation and filtration requirements for airborne waste</p> <p>15.5 Management of liquid waste including decontamination solutions</p> <p>15.6 Solid waste characterization and segregation for onward processing</p> <p>15.7 Recycling/reuse and clearance processes</p> <p>15.8 Waste management and disposal in decommissioning projects</p> <p>15.9 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>15.10 Future trends</p> <p>15.11 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 16: Environmental remediation and restoration technologies in nuclear decommissioning projects</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>16.1 Introduction</p> <p>16.2 Environmental restoration process</p> <p>16.3 Types of site remediation techniques and technologies applicable in nuclear decommissioning</p> <p>16.4 Ex situ remediation techniques and technologies</p> <p>16.5 In situ treatment technologies</p> <p>16.6 Remediation of contaminated groundwater</p> <p>16.7 Disposal of radioactive wastes from remediation</p> <p>16.8 Challenges</p> <p>16.9 Lessons learned</p> <p>16.10 Future trends</p> <p>16.11 Conclusions</p> <p>Chapter 17: Site clearance and licence termination in nuclear decommissioning projects</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>17.1 Introduction</p> <p>17.2 Regulatory approaches for site clearance and licence termination</p> <p>17.3 A process for site clearance and licence termination</p> <p>17.4 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>17.5 Future trends</p> <p>Chapter 18: Reuse and redevelopment of decommissioned nuclear sites: strategies and lessons learned</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>18.1 Introduction</p> <p>18.2 Site redevelopment as an integral part of a facility’s lifecycle</p> <p>18.3 Early planning for redevelopment</p> <p>18.4 Policy issues in planning for redevelopment</p> <p>18.5 Management issues</p> <p>18.6 Technical issues</p> <p>18.7 Social issues</p> <p>18.8 Operating experience in reuse of decommissioned sites</p> <p>18.9 The non-nuclear sector</p> <p>18.10 Future trends</p> <p>Part III: International experience: nuclear decommissioning applications and case studies</p> <p>Chapter 19: Decommissioning of Western-type light-water nuclear reactors (LWRs)</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>19.1 Introduction</p> <p>19.2 Types of materials and decommissioning issues</p> <p>19.3 Decommissioning technologies for major components of light-water reactors (LWRs)</p> <p>19.4 Specific LWR reactor vessel (RV) internals segmentation experience in the USA</p> <p>19.5 Specific LWR RV disposition experience in the USA</p> <p>19.6 Major components dismantling</p> <p>19.7 Decommissioning technologies for LWR buildings and structures</p> <p>19.8 Site remediation and reuse in the USA</p> <p>19.9 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>19.10 Future trends</p> <p>Chapter 20: Decommissioning of Russian-type water-cooled water-moderated nuclear reactors (WWERs)</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>20.1 Introduction</p> <p>20.2 WWER-specific features relevant to decommissioning</p> <p>20.3 Planning and implementation of WWER decommissioning</p> <p>20.4 Decommissioning technologies for WWER activated components (RPV and internals)</p> <p>20.5 Decommissioning technologies for WWER building structures</p> <p>20.6 Decommissioning waste (material) management</p> <p>20.7 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>20.9 Appendix</p> <p>Chapter 21: Decommissioning of gas-cooled nuclear reactors (GCRs)</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>21.1 Introduction</p> <p>21.2 Types of materials and aspects of their decommissioning</p> <p>21.3 Decommissioning strategies for gas-cooled reactors (GCRs)</p> <p>21.4 Decommissioning technologies for GCR containment components</p> <p>21.5 Application of particular techniques to GCR decommissioning projects</p> <p>21.6 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>21.7 Future trends</p> <p>21.8 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 22: Decommissioning of nuclear fuel cycle facilities</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>22.1 Introduction</p> <p>22.2 Overview of nuclear fuel cycle facilities</p> <p>22.3 Decommissioning strategies and plans</p> <p>22.4 Decommissioning phases</p> <p>22.5 Specific issues in decommissioning of NFC facilities</p> <p>22.6 Decommissioning techniques for NFC facilities</p> <p>22.7 Demolition techniques</p> <p>22.8 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>22.9 Future trends</p> <p>22.10 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 23: Decommissioning of small nuclear facilities: industrial, medical and research facilities</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>23.1 Introduction</p> <p>23.2 Types of facilities</p> <p>23.3 Planning and management</p> <p>23.4 Application of particular techniques</p> <p>23.5 Waste management</p> <p>23.6 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>23.7 Future trends</p> <p>23.8 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 24: Decommissioning of legacy nuclear waste sites: Dounreay, UK</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>24.1 Introduction</p> <p>24.2 Decommissioning programme</p> <p>24.3 High-hazard decommissioning projects</p> <p>24.4 High-alpha-contaminated facilities decommissioning</p> <p>24.5 Pond decommissioning</p> <p>24.6 Fuel production and reprocessing facilities decommissioning</p> <p>24.7 Cells and laboratories decommissioning</p> <p>24.8 Legacy waste facilities</p> <p>24.9 Fuels management</p> <p>24.10 Infrastructure decommissioning</p> <p>24.11 Waste management</p> <p>24.12 Environmental restoration</p> <p>24.13 Future challenges</p> <p>Chapter 25: Decommissioning of legacy nuclear waste sites: Idaho National Laboratory, USA</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>25.1 Introduction</p> <p>25.2 Types of materials and decommissioning issues</p> <p>25.3 Waste retrieval and decontamination processes</p> <p>25.4 Application of appropriate decommissioning technologies</p> <p>25.5 Environmental restoration and site clearance: case studies</p> <p>25.6 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>25.7 Future trends</p> <p>25.8 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Chapter 26: Information management for nuclear decommissioning projects</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>26.1 Introduction</p> <p>26.2 Importance of information management in decommissioning</p> <p>26.3 Key decommissioning information</p> <p>26.4 Records and information management and preservation</p> <p>26.5 Knowledge management in decommissioning</p> <p>26.6 Challenges and lessons learned</p> <p>26.7 Future trends</p> <p>26.8 Sources of further information and advice</p> <p>Index</p>