Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers, The

<p>PART 1 WRITING FOR READERS</p> <p>1&nbsp; Writers, Readers, and Communities</p> <p>Academic, public, and work communities</p> <p>1 Communities in action</p> <p>2 Choices and limits</p> <p>Identifying electronic communities</p> <p>2&nbsp;&nbsp;Discovering and Planning&nbsp; </p> <p>Getting started</p> <p>1 Try informal writing</p> <p>2 Use listing</p> <p>3 Ask strategic questions</p> <p>Keeping a writing/reading journal</p> <p>1 How to keep a reading and writing journal</p> <p>2 Thinking, writing, and discovering </p> <p>Structuring ideas and information</p> <p>1 Draw a cluster</p> <p>2 Create a tree diagram</p> <p>3 Build a time sequence</p> <p>4 Create a problem-solution grid</p> <p>5 Outline</p> <p>Planning: Paper in progress</p> <p>3&nbsp;&nbsp;Purpose, Thesis, and Audience </p> <p>Recognizing your purpose</p> <p>1 Identify the focus</p> <p>2 Define the purpose</p> <p>Using purpose to guide your writing</p> <p>1 Rough out a purpose structure</p> <p>Defining a thesis or main idea</p> <p>1 Turn topics into theses</p> <p>2 Complicate or extend your rough thesis</p> <p>3 Expand your thesis with specifics</p> <p>4 Modify your thesis</p> <p>Different kinds of thesis statements</p> <p>Recognizing your audience</p> <p>Specific readers and communities of readers</p> <p>Adapting to readers and communities of readers</p> <p>4&nbsp; Drafting </p> <p>From planning to drafting</p> <p>1 Draft in manageable parts</p> <p>2 Develop a general structure</p> <p>3 Assess your purpose and redraft</p> <p>Drafting strategies</p> <p>1 Write about your writing</p> <p>2 Draft quickly</p> <p>3 Semidraft</p> <p>4 Talk it out or take a break</p> <p>Collaborative drafting</p> <p>1 Do parallel drafting</p> <p>2 Do team drafting</p> <p>3 Do intensive drafting</p> <p>5&nbsp;&nbsp; Revising, Editing, and Proofreading </p> <p>Major revisions</p> <p>1 Redraft unworkable material</p> <p>2 Reorganize poorly arranged paragraphs or sections</p> <p>3 Add new material</p> <p>4 Delete unnecessary or redundant material</p> <p>Minor revisions</p> <p>1 Revise for sense</p> <p>2 Revise for style</p> <p>3 Revise for economy</p> <p>Collaborative revising</p> <p>1 Respond helpfully</p> <p>2 Make the most of response</p> <p>3 Workplace collaboration</p> <p>Revising: Paper in progress</p> <p>Editing your own writing</p> <p>1 Final editing for economy and style</p> <p>2 Editing for grammatical problems</p> <p>Collaborative editing</p> <p>Editing on the computer</p> <p>1 What computer editors can do</p> <p>2 What computer editor can’t do</p> <p>Proofreading</p> <p>6&nbsp;Paragraphs </p> <p>Focused paragraphs</p> <p>Creating paragraph focus</p> <p>1 Topic sentence at the beginning</p> <p>2 Topic sentence plus a limiting or clarifying sentence</p> <p>3 Topic sentence at the end</p> <p>4 Topic sentence implied rather than stated</p> <p>Paragraph coherence</p> <p>Creating paragraph coherence</p> <p>1 Repeating words and phrases</p> <p>2 Supplying transitions</p> <p>3 Using parallel structure</p> <p>Developed paragraphs</p> <p>1 Developing paragraphs with details</p> <p>2 Creating paragraph structures</p> <p>Introductory and concluding paragraphs</p> <p>1 Creating introductory paragraphs</p> <p>2 Creating concluding paragraphs</p> <p>7&nbsp;&nbsp;Sentences </p> <p>Clear sentences</p> <p>1 Use significant subjects</p> <p>2 Avoid unnecessary nominalizations</p> <p>3 Use I, we, and you as subjects</p> <p>4 Be careful with strings of nouns</p> <p>5 Use clear and specific verbs</p> <p>6 Keep subjects and verbs clearly related</p> <p>Direct sentences</p> <p>Emphatic sentences</p> <p>1 Use sentence beginnings and endings</p> <p>2 Create emphatic sentence patterns</p> <p>3 Use the passive voice with care</p> <p>Revising for variety</p> <p>1 Vary sentence length</p> <p>2 Vary sentence types</p> <p>3 Vary sentence structure and patterns</p> <p>4 Create surprise</p> <p>8 Assessing Writing</p> <p>Assessing your own writing</p> <p>1 Saying what you want to say</p> <p>2 Sharing what you want to share</p> <p>3 Being honest about things th</p>