African American Voices – A Documentary Reader from Emancipation to the Present

<p>List of Illustrations ix</p>
<p>Series Editors Preface x</p>
<p>Acknowledgments xii</p>
<p>Introduction 1</p>
<p>Chapter 1 Freedom, 1865 1881 8</p>
<p>1 Black Ministers Meet with Representatives of the Federal Government, January 1865 9</p>
<p>2 Frederick Douglass Argues for Black Suffrage, April 1865 12</p>
<p>3 Jourdon Anderson Writes to His Old Master, 1865 15</p>
<p>4 Harriet Simril Testifies Before a Congressional Committee, South Carolina, 1871 18</p>
<p>5 Resolutions of the National Civil Rights Convention, 1873 21</p>
<p>6 The Exodusters, 1878 22</p>
<p>7 Black Washerwomen Demand a Living Wage, 1866 and 1881 24</p>
<p>Chapter 2 Upbuilding, 1893 1910 28</p>
<p>1 Ida B. Wells Speaks Out Against Lynching in the South, 1893 30</p>
<p>2 Booker T. Washington Speaks on Race at Atlanta, 1895 34</p>
<p>3 The National Association of Colored Women, 1897 and 1898 38</p>
<p>4 The Negro National Anthem, 1900 and 1905 44</p>
<p>5 Photographs from the Paris Exposition, 1900 46</p>
<p>6 From W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, 1903 47</p>
<p>7 Black Leaders Disagree with Booker T. Washington: The Niagara Movement, 1905 52</p>
<p>8 Jack Johnson, 1910 56</p>
<p>Chapter 3 Migration, 1904 1919 59</p>
<p>1 Voices from The Independent, 1904 and 1912 60</p>
<p>2 Letters of Negro Migrants, 1916 1917 68</p>
<p>3 The East St. Louis Riot, 1917 72</p>
<p>4 Why African Americans Left the South, 1919 77</p>
<p>Chapter 4 Determination, 1917 1925 85</p>
<p>1 W. E. B. Du Bois on African Americans and World War I, 1918 and 1919 87</p>
<p>2 Poet Claude McKay Sets a New Tone, 1919 90</p>
<p>3 Emmett J. Scott Reflects on What the Negro Got Out of the War, 1919 90</p>
<p>4 Program of the NAACP, 1919 94</p>
<p>5 Marcus Garvey Outlines the Rights of Black Peoples, 1920 99</p>
<p>6 Cyril V. Briggs Merges Race Consciousness with Class Consciousness, 1922 106</p>
<p>7 Langston Hughes on Being Black in America, 1925 109</p>
<p>8 Amy Jacques Garvey Calls on Women to Lead, 1925 110</p>
<p>Chapter 5 Resistance, 1927 1939 114</p>
<p>1 The Scottsboro Boys Write to the Workers of the World, 1932 115</p>
<p>2 Angelo Herndon Joins the Communist Party, 1934 117</p>
<p>3 Ella Baker and Marvel Cooke Report on The Bronx Slave Market, 1935 124</p>
<p>4 Richard Wright Observes a Black Response to Joe Louis Victory, 1935 126</p>
<p>5 The Southern Negro Youth Congress on Freedom, Equality, and Opportunity, 1937 129</p>
<p>6 The Coordinating Committee for Employment, New York, 1938 131</p>
<p>7 Marian Anderson at the Lincoln Memorial, 1939 133</p>
<p>Chapter 6 Resolve, 1941 1952 136</p>
<p>1 The March on Washington Movement, 1941 138</p>
<p>2 The Double V Campaign, 1942 142</p>
<p>3 A Black Army Chaplain Protests the Treatment of Black Soldiers, 1944 142</p>
<p>4 Pauli Murray on Student Protests in Washington, DC, 1944 147</p>
<p>5 The Civil Rights Congress Charges the US with Genocide, 1951 151</p>
<p>6 African Americans Petition the President and the American Delegation to the United Nations, 1952 158</p>
<p>Chapter 7 Discontent, 1953 1959 165</p>
<p>1 Thurgood Marshall Reargues Brown v. Board of Education, 1953 167</p>
<p>2 The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 171</p>
<p>3 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Writes on Non–Violence, 1957 174</p>
<p>4 Robert F. Williams Advocates Armed Self–Defense, 1959 177</p>
<p>Chapter 8 Revolt, 1960 1963 184</p>
<p>1 Young Activists Form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 1960 186</p>
<p>2 Ella Baker Reports on the Founding of SNCC, 1960 187</p>
<p>3 Robert Moses Writes from Jail in Magnolia, Mississippi, 1961 188</p>
<p>4 The Freedom Rides, 1961 189</p>
<p>5 Diane Nash Recalls the Early Student Movement, 1960 1961 191</p>
<p>6 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Writes a Letter from Birmingham Jail, 1963 197</p>
<p>7 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963 206</p>
<p>Chapter 9 Power, 1964 1966 210</p>
<p>1 Malcolm X Reflects on the Approaches African Americans Must Use, 1964 211</p>
<p>2 Fannie Lou Hamer Testifies on Behalf of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 1964 218</p>
<p>3 Bayard Rustin Considers the Future of the Movement, 1965 221</p>
<p>4 Stokely Carmichael Explains Black Power, 1966 227</p>
<p>Chapter 10 Revolution, 1966 1977 234</p>
<p>1 The Black Panther Party Articulates a Platform, 1966 235</p>
<p>2 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Opposes the War in Vietnam, 1967 238</p>
<p>3 The Poor People s Campaign, 1968 243</p>
<p>4 The Black Panther Party Convenes a Revolutionary People s Constitutional Convention, 1970 245</p>
<p>5 Gil Scott–Heron Warns: The Revolution Will Not Be Televised, 1971 250</p>
<p>6 The Combahee River Collective Statement Explains Black Feminism, 1977 252</p>
<p>Chapter 11 Crosscurrents, 1982 2001 261</p>
<p>1 Activists Call for Americans to Break Ties with South Africa, 1980 262</p>
<p>2 Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States, 1987 266</p>
<p>3 Jesse Jackson Rouses the Democratic National Convention, Atlanta, GA, July 19, 1988 271</p>
<p>4 African American Women in Defense of Ourselves, 1991 278</p>
<p>5 Maxine Waters Explains the Causes of Urban Crises to Congress, 1992 280</p>
<p>6 The Million Man March, 1995 282</p>
<p>7 Angela Davis Describes the Prison Industrial Complex, 1995 284</p>
<p>8 The Hip–Hop Summit Action Network, 2001 289</p>
<p>Chapter 12 Paradox, 2005 Present 293</p>
<p>1 New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin Addresses His City on Martin Luther King Day, 2006 295</p>
<p>2 Barack Obama Believes in A More Perfect Union, 2008 297</p>
<p>3 Julian Bond Reflects on Race and History in America, 2011 307</p>
<p>Index 316</p>