An Introduction to Acoustical Holography

1. Introduction.- 1.1. Fundamental Concepts.- 1.2. Historical Development.- References.- 2. Holography.- 2.1. Recording Process.- 2.2. Reconstruction Process.- 2.3. Gabor Holography.- 2.4. Leith-Upatnieks Holography.- 2.5. Hologram Classification.- 2.5.1. Fresnel Holograms.- 2.5.2. Fraunhofer Holograms.- 2.5.3. Side-Band Fresnel or Fraunhofer Holograms.- 2.5.4. Fourier Transform Holograms.- 2.5.5. Focused-Image Holograms.- 2.6. Image Location.- 2.7. Magnification.- 2.8. Aberrations.- 2.9. Distortion.- 2.10. Resolution.- References.- 3. Acoustics.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Mechanical Vibrations.- 3.3. Propagation of Sound in Liquids.- 3.3.1. The Force Equation.- 3.3.2. Description of the Wave.- 3.3.3. Compressibility.- 3.3.4. The Wave Description in Terms of Pressure.- 3.3.5. Velocity of Propagation.- 3.3.6. Radiation Pressure.- 3.3.7. Energy and Intensity.- 3.3.8. Velocity Potential.- 3.4. Propagation of Sound in Solids.- 3.4.1. Refraction and Reflection at Liquid-Solid Interfaces.- 3.5. Interaction of an Acoustic Wave with a Liquid Interface.- 3.5.1. Interaction at a Free-Liquid Surface.- 3.6. Summary.- References.- 4. Scanned Acoustical Holography.- 4.1. Scanned Receiver.- 4.1.1. Acoustical Reference.- 4.1.2. Electronic Reference.- 4.2. Scanned Source.- 4.3. Scanned Object.- 4.4. Simultaneous Scanning.- 4.4.1. Image Location.- 4.4.2. Resolution.- 4.4.3. Image Location Revisited.- 4.4.4. Magnification.- 4.4.5. Aberrations.- 4.4.6. Distortion.- 4.5. Recording and Reconstruction.- 4.6. Time Gating.- References.- 5. Sampled Holograms.- 5.1. Sampling Theory.- 5.1.1. One-Dimensional Sampling Theory.- 5.1.2. Two-Dimensional Sampling Theory.- 5.1.3. Scanned Holography as a Sampling Process.- 5.1.4. Effects of Sampling.- 5.2. Information Content of Holograms.- 5.2.1. Number of Degrees of Freedom in a Scanned Receiver Hologram.- 5.2.2. Number of Degrees of Freedom in a Scanned Source Hologram.- 5.2.3. Number of Degrees of Freedom in a Scanned Source and Receiver Hologram.- 5.3. Special Sampling Schemes.- 5.3.1. A Rotationally Symmetric Sampling Theorem.- 5.3.2. Circular Scanning.- References.- 6. Liquid-Surface Holography.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Description of the Acoustical Field.- 6.3. Acoustical Transfer Functions for a Continuous Wave Hologram.- 6.4. Interaction of Light with the Liquid Surface.- 6.5. Effects Produced by Pulsing the Sound Waves.- 6.6. Transfer Function Relating Liquid-Surface Ripple Displacement to Acoustic Radiation Pressure.- References.- 7. Other Acoustical Holography Methods.- 7.1. Photographic Film.- 7.2. Ultrasound Camera.- 7.3. Particle Cell.- 7.4. Bragg Diffraction Imaging.- 7.4.1. Bragg Reflection.- 7.4.2. Bragg Imaging.- 7.5. Thermoplastic Film.- 7.6. Optical and Electronic Readout Methods.- 7.6.1. Optical Heterodyne Technique.- 7.6.2. Optical Homodyne Technique.- 7.6.3. Temporal Reference.- References.- 8. Applications.- 8.1. Underwater Viewing.- 8.1.1. Short-Range, High-Resolution Search System.- 8.1.2. Medium-Range System.- 8.1.3. Long-Range Systems.- 8.2. Geophysical Applications.- 8.2.1. Subsurface Cavity Mapping.- 8.2.2. Distortion Correction.- 8.3. Nuclear Reactor Surveillance.- 8.3.1. Ultrasonic Holographic Periscope.- 8.3.2. External Surveillance System.- 8.4. Medical Imaging.- 8.4.1. Liquid-Surface Holography.- 8.4.2. Scanning Holography.- 8.5. Nondestructive Testing.- 8.5.1. Liquid-Surface Holography.- 8.5.2. Scanning Holography.- 8.6. Interferometry.- 8.7. Summary.- References.