Reactions of Sulfur with Organic Compounds

1 Structure and Physical Properties of Elemental Sulfur.- 1.1 Atomic and Molecular Structure.- 1.2 Allotropic Modifications.- 1.3 Physical Properties.- 1.3.1 The Solid State.- 1.3.2 The Liquid State.- 1.3.3 The Gaseous State.- 1.4 Solubility.- References.- 2 Methods of Preparation and Chemical Properties of Different Modifications of Sulfur.- 2.1 Monatomic Sulfur.- 2.2 Diatomic Sulfur.- 2.3 Oligo- and Polyatomic Sulfur.- 2.4 Reactions of Sulfur in Aqueous Media.- 2.5 Reactions of Elemental Sulfur in Liquid Ammonia and with Amines.- 2.6 Catalysis of Chemical Reactions of Sulfur.- References.- 3 The Action of Sulfur upon Hydrocarbons.- 3.1 Alkanes.- 3.1.1 Methane and the Lower Alkanes.- 3.1.2 Higher Alkanes.- 3.1.3 Preparation of Hydrogen Sulfide from Hydrocarbons.- 3.1.4 Preparation of Carbon Disulfide.- 3.2 Alkenes.- 3.2.1 Ethylene.- 3.2.2 High Alkenes.- 3.3 The Willgerodt Reaction.- 3.4 Alkadienes and Alkapolyenes.- 3.5 Vulcanization.- 3.6 Alkynes.- 3.7 Cycloalkanes and their Aromatic Derivatives.- 3.8 Cycloalkenes.- 3.9 Terpenes and Terpenoids.- 3.10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 3.11 Arylaliphatic Hydrocarbons.- 3.11.1 Arylalkanes.- 3.11.2 Arylalkenes and Arylalkadienes.- References.- 4 Organic Halides.- 4.1 Alkyl Halides.- 4.2 Halosubstituted Alkenes and Alkadienes.- 4.3 Halosubstituted Alkynes.- 4.4 Halosubstituted Cycloalkanes.- 4.5 Halo-Derivatives of Benzene, Naphthalene, and Anthracene.- 4.6 2-Halotoluenes.- 4.7 Aryl Substituted Haloalkanes.- 4.7.1 Aryl Substituted Halomethanes.- 4.7.2 Side-Chain Halo-Derivatives of Ethylbenzene and Styrene.- 4.7.3 ?- or ?-Halo-Derivatives of Di-, Tri-, and Tetraphenylethane.- 4.7.4 ?-, ?-, and ?-Halo-Derivatives of Mono-, Di-, and Tetraphenylpropane.- 4.8 Halo-Derivatives of Heterocyclic Compounds.- 4.9 The Mechanism of the Interaction of Sulfur with Hydrocarbons and their Halosubstituted Derivatives.- References.- 5 Organic Sulfur Compounds.- 5.1 Thiols.- 5.2 Sulfides and Polysulfides.- 5.3 Sulfoxides, Sulfones, Sulfonic Acids and their Derivatives.- 5.4 Thiocarbonyl Compounds.- 5.5 Sulfur-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds.- References.- 6 Oxygen-Containing Compounds.- 6.1 Compounds with a Hydroxyl Group.- 6.1.1 Aliphatic Alcohols.- 6.1.2 Arylaliphatic Alcohols.- 6.1.3 Polyhydroxy-Alcohols and Saccharides.- 6.1.4 Cycloaliphatic Alcohols.- 6.1.5 Phenol and its Derivatives.- 6.2 Ethers.- 6.3 Aldehydes.- 6.4 The Reaction of Sulfur with Aldehydes in the Presence of Ammonia or Amines.- 6.5 Ketones.- 6.6 The Simultaneous Interaction of Elemental Sulfur and Ammonia with Ketones.- 6.7 The Reaction of Ketones with Sulfur and Amines (The Kindler Reaction).- 6.8 The Interaction of Sulfur and Ammonia or Amines with Carbon Monoxide.- 6.9 Carboxylic Acids.- 6.9.1 Alkane-, Arylalkane- and Cycloalkane-carboxylic Acids.- 6.9.2 Unsaturated Acids.- 6.9.3 Aromatic Carboxylic Acids.- 6.10 Esters.- 6.10.1 Esters of Saturated Carboxylic Acids.- 6.10.2 Esters of Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids.- 6.10.3 Fatty Oils.- References.- 7 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds.- 7.1 Aliphatic and Arylaliphatic Amines.- 7.1.1 Primary Amines.- 7.1.2 Secondary Amines.- 7.1.3 Tertiary Amines.- 7.1.4 ?,?-Unsaturated Amines (Enamines).- 7.2 Aromatic Amines.- 7.2.1 Primary Amines.- 7.2.2 Secondary Amines.- 7.2.3 Tertiary Amines.- 7.3 Imines and Oximes.- 7.4 Amides and Thiocarboxamides.- 7.5 Carbamic Acid, Thiourea, and Guanidine Derivatives.- 7.6 Nitriles.- 7.7 Isonitriles and Isothiocyanates.- 7.8 Diazo-Compounds and Azides.- 7.9 N-Halosubstituted Derivatives.- 7.10 Nitro-Compounds.- 7.11 Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds.- 7.12 Sulfur Dyes Based on the Reaction of Organic Compounds with Sulfur.- 7.12.1 Synthesis of Sulfur Dyes.- 7.12.2 Properties of Sulfur Dyes.- 7.12.3 Structure of Sulfur Dyes.- 7.12.4 Individual Sulfur Dyes.- 7.12.5 Some Sulfur-Containing Dyes.- References.- 8 Reactions of Sulfur with Organometallic Compounds.- 8.1 Organic Derivatives of the Alkali Metals.- 8.2 Organic Compounds of Copper and Silver.- 8.3 Organomagnesium Compounds.- 8.4 Organic Derivatives of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury.- 8.5 Organic Derivatives of the Boron Subgroup Elements.- 8.6 Organic Derivatives of the Silicon Subgroup Elements.- 8.7 Organic Derivatives of the Phosphorus Subgroup Elements.- 8.8 Organic Derivatives of Selenium and Tellurium.- 8.9 Organic Derivatives of the Transition Metals.- References.