Aging and Cell Structure

1. Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dendritic Changes.- 3. Loss of Neurons.- 4. Changes in Dendritic Spines.- 5. Changes in Synaptic Populations.- 6. Changes in Cell Body and Nuclear Sizes.- 7. Changes in Nucleoplasm.- 8. Changes in Neuronal Cytoplasm.- 9. Neurofibrillary Tangles.- 10. Lipofuscin.- 11. Neuroglia.- 12. Choroid Plexus.- References.- 2. The Mammalian Peripheral Nervous System in Old Age.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Age-Related Changes in Man.- 2.1. General Comments.- 2.2. The Aging Sensory Unit.- 2.3. The Aging Motor Unit.- 2.4. The Aging Peripheral Autonomic System.- 2.5. The Aging Peripheral Nerve of Man.- 3. Age-Related Changes in Animals.- 3.1. General Comments.- 3.2. The Aging Sensory Unit.- 3.3. The Aging Motor Unit.- 3.4. The Aging Peripheral Autonomic System.- 3.5. The Aging Peripheral Nerve of Laboratory Animals.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- 4.1. Lipofuscin.- 4.2. Central-Peripheral Distal Axonopathy.- 4.3. Proximal Demyelination.- 4.4. Neuronal Loss.- 4.5. Epilogue.- References.- 3. Neurofibrillary and Synaptic Pathology in the Aged Brain.- 1. Age-Associated Changes in the Human Brain.- 2. Neurofibrillary Pathology.- 2.1. Normal Fibrillar Proteins in the CNS.- 2.2. Neurofibrillary Changes.- 2.3. Experimentally Induced and Naturally Occurring Neurofibrillary Changes.- 3. Synaptic Pathology and Glial Reactions.- 3.1. Morphology of the Neuritic Plaque.- 3.2. Pathogenesis of the Neuritic Plaque.- 3.3. Morphology of the Neuritic Changes.- 3.4. Role of Microglial Cells in Amyloid Deposition.- 3.5. Relationships between Amyloid Fibrils and PHFs.- References.- 4. Cytomorphological Alterations in the Aging Animal Brain with Emphasis on Golgi Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Use of Animal Models in Aging Research.- 1.2. Memory Deficits in Aging Animals.- 1.3. Neuronal Loss in Aging.- 2. The Aging Brain: A Golgi Perspective.- 2.1. The Dendritic Tree and Its Spines.- 2.2. A Survey of Golgi-Impregnated Neuronal Changes in the Aging Cerebral Cortex.- 2.3. Age-Related Alterations in the Cerebellum—Purkinje Cells.- 2.4. Golgi Studies of Dendritic Plasticity in the Adult and Aged Brain.- 3. Electron Microscopy of the Aging Brain.- 3.1. Lipofuscin.- 3.2. Nuclear Membrane Infolding.- 3.3. Filamentous Accumulation.- 3.4. Corpora Amylacea.- 3.5. Synaptic Alterations.- 3.6. Tubulovesicular Profiles.- 3.7. Alterations in Myelinated Fibers.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Golgi Studies.- 4.2. Electron Microscopy—Structural Changes in Aging Animal Brain.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 5. Variation: Principles and Applications in the Study of Cell Structure and Aging.- 1. Origin of Variation.- 2. Analysis of Variation.- 3. Variation and Aging.- 4. Applications.- 4.1. Variation in Mouse Liver Cellular and Fine Structure: Effects of Aging, Alcohol, and Antioxidants.- 4.2. Variation in Vitality and Mortality.- 4.3. Time-Condensing in Experimental Aging Research through the Study of Variation.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6. Ultrastructure of the Aging Kidney.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 2.1. Rats.- 2.2. Humans.- 2.3. Ultrastructural Studies.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Rat Ultrastructural Studies.- 3.2. Clinicopathologic Correlations.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 7. Electron Microscopy of Skeletal Aging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Bone 252.- 2.1. Periosteum.- 2.2. Endosteum.- 2.3. Osteocytes.- 2.4. Osteoclasts.- 2.5. Bone Surfaces.- 3. Cartilage.- 3.1. General Cartilage Aging.- 3.2. Electron Microscopy of Aging Cartilage.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 8. The Cardiovascular System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Effect of Age on Physiological Parameters of the Cardiovascular System.- 2.1. Heart Rate and Electrocardiogram.- 2.2. Blood Pressure.- 2.3. Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume.- 2.4. Contractile Properties.- 2.5. Decline of Physical Work Capacity.- 3. The Effect of Age on the Structure of the Myocardium.- 3.1. Connective Tissue.- 3.2. Myocardial Cell.- 4. The Effect of Age on Coronary Vessels.- 5. The Effect of Age on the Reactivity of the Cardiovascular System to Drugs.- 5.1. Age-Associated Changes in Pharmacokinetics of Drugs.- 5.2. Digitalis Glycosides.- 5.3. Autonomic Drugs.- 5.4. Antiarrhythmic Agents.- 6. Summary.- References.- 9. Fine Structure of Aging Skeletal Muscle.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structural Changes in Human Muscle.- 3. Freeze-Fracture Studies.- References.- 10. Insect vs. Mammalian Aging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Comparison of Tissue and Body Organization in Insects and Mammals.- 3. Fine Structural Manifestations of Aging.- 3.1. Age Pigment.- 3.2. Mitochondria.- 3.3. Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes, and RNA.- 3.4. Nuclei.- 4. Comparison between Insect and Mammalian Aging.- 5. Conclusions.- References.