Materials under Extreme Loadings – Application to Penetration and Impact

<p>Preface xv</p>
<p>Chapter 1. Geomaterials Under Extreme Loading: The Natural Case 1<br /> Philippe LAMBERT and Herv&eacute; TRUMEL</p>
<p>1.1. Introduction 1</p>
<p>1.2. Natural impacts 2</p>
<p>1.3. Discussion 27</p>
<p>1.4. Conclusions 32</p>
<p>1.5. Bibliography 33</p>
<p>PART 1. EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION 45</p>
<p>Chapter 2. The Shock Properties of Concrete and Related Materials 47<br /> Kostas TSEMBELIS, David J. CHAPMAN, Christopher H. BRAITHWAITE, John E. FIELD and William G. PROUD</p>
<p>2.1. Introduction 47</p>
<p>2.2. Experimental studies 53</p>
<p>2.3. Conclusion 65</p>
<p>2.4. Acknowledgments 65</p>
<p>2.5. Bibliography 66</p>
<p>Chapter 3. Comparison of Shocked Sapphire and Alumina 69<br /> Geremy KLEISER, Lalit CHHABILDAS and William REINHART</p>
<p>3.1. Abstract 69</p>
<p>3.2. Introduction 70</p>
<p>3.3. Material 71</p>
<p>3.4. Experimental method 72</p>
<p>3.5. Experimental results 73</p>
<p>3.6. Conclusions 84</p>
<p>3.7. Acknowledgments 84</p>
<p>3.8. Bibliography 84</p>
<p>Chapter 4. Observations of Ballistic Impact Damage in Glass Laminate 87<br /> Stephan BLESS</p>
<p>4.1. Introduction 87</p>
<p>4.2. Transient measurements 88</p>
<p>4.3. Post–test measurements 90</p>
<p>4.4. Multiple impacts 97</p>
<p>4.5. Discussion and summary 97</p>
<p>4.6. Acknowledgments 98</p>
<p>4.7. Bibliography 98</p>
<p>Chapter 5. Experimental Analysis of Concrete Behavior Under High Confinement 101<br /> Xuan Hong VU, Yann MALECOT, Laurent DAUDEVILLE and Eric BUZAUD</p>
<p>5.1. Introduction 101</p>
<p>5.2. Experimental device 102</p>
<p>5.3. Influence of the water/cement ratio 105</p>
<p>5.4. Influence of the coarse aggregate size 106</p>
<p>5.5. Influence of the cement paste volume 113</p>
<p>5.6. Conclusion and future work 116</p>
<p>5.7. Acknowledgment 118</p>
<p>5.8. Bibliography 118</p>
<p>Chapter 6. 3D Imaging and the Split Cylinder Fracture of Cement–Based Composites 121<br /> Eric LANDIS</p>
<p>6.1. Introduction 121</p>
<p>6.2. Methods and materials 122</p>
<p>6.3. Experiments and analysis 126</p>
<p>6.4. Experimental results 128</p>
<p>6.5. Conclusions 129</p>
<p>6.6. Bibliography 130</p>
<p>Chapter 7. Testing Conditions on Kolsky Bar 131<br /> Weinong CHEN</p>
<p>7.1. Introduction 131</p>
<p>7.2. Kolsky bar 132</p>
<p>7.3. Limitations of the Kolsky bar 133</p>
<p>7.4. Methods for conducting valid Kolsky bar experiments 136</p>
<p>7.5. Conclusions 142</p>
<p>7.6. Bibliography 143</p>
<p>PART 2. MATERIAL MODELING 145</p>
<p>Chapter 8. Experimental Approach and Modeling of the Dynamic Tensile Behavior of a Micro–Concrete 147<br /> Pascal FORQUIN and Benjamin ERZAR</p>
<p>8.1. Introduction 147</p>
<p>8.2. Experimental device 149</p>
<p>8.3. Data processing 151</p>
<p>8.4. Experimental results 154</p>
<p>8.5. Modeling of the damage process in concrete at high strain–rates (the Denoual, Forquin, Hild model) 158</p>
<p>8.6. Conclusion 172</p>
<p>8.7. Bibliography 175</p>
<p>Chapter 9. Toward Physically–Based Explosive Modeling: Meso–Scale Investigations 179<br /> Herv&eacute; TRUMEL, Philippe LAMBERT, Guillaume VIVIER and Yves SADOU</p>
<p>9.1. Introduction 179</p>
<p>9.2. Methodology 181</p>
<p>9.3. The material: microstructure and macroscopic mechanical behavior 182</p>
<p>9.4. Samples from unitary experiments 185</p>
<p>9.5. Analysis of a recovered target 193</p>
<p>9.6. Discussion 198</p>
<p>9.7. Conclusion and future work 204</p>
<p>9.8. Acknowledgments 204</p>
<p>9.9. Bibliography 204</p>
<p>Chapter 10. Coupled Viscoplastic Damage Model for Hypervelocity Impact Induced Damage in Metals and Composites 209<br /> George Z. VOYIADJIS</p>
<p>10.1. Introduction 209</p>
<p>10.2. Theoretical preliminaries for high velocity impact 212</p>
<p>10.3. A coupled rate–dependent (viscoplasticity) continuum damage theory 214</p>
<p>10.4. Computational aspects of the proposed theory 220</p>
<p>10.5. Numerical applications 228</p>
<p>10.6. Conclusions 240</p>
<p>10.7. Bibliography 241</p>
<p>Chapter 11. High–Pressure Behavior of Concrete: Experiments and Elastic/Viscoplastic Modeling 247<br /> Martin J. SCHMIDT, Oana CAZACU and Mark L. GREEN</p>
<p>11.1. Introduction 247</p>
<p>11.2. Experimental study 249</p>
<p>11.3. Elastic–viscoplastic model development 254</p>
<p>11.4. Conclusions 263</p>
<p>11.5. Bibliography 264</p>
<p>Chapter 12. The Virtual Penetration Laboratory: New Developments 267<br /> Mark D. ADLEY, Andreas O. FRANK, Kent T. DANIELSON, Stephen A. AKERS, James L. O DANIEL and Bruce PATTERSON</p>
<p>12.1. Introduction 267</p>
<p>12.2. Constitutive model development 268</p>
<p>12.3. Perforation simulations 278</p>
<p>12.4. Penetration simulations 282</p>
<p>12.5. CSPC penetration resistance equation 284</p>
<p>12.6. Conclusions 287</p>
<p>12.7. Acknowledgment 288</p>
<p>12.8. Bibliography 288</p>
<p>Chapter 13. Description of the Dynamic Fragmentation of Glass with a Meso–Damage Model 291<br /> Xavier BRAJER, Fran&ccedil;ois HILD and St&eacute;phane ROUX</p>
<p>13.1. Introduction 291</p>
<p>13.2. Experimental results 292</p>
<p>13.3. Fragmentation analysis 294</p>
<p>13.4. Microcracking analysis 299</p>
<p>13.5. A meso–damage approach 302</p>
<p>13.6. Conclusion 306</p>
<p>13.7. Acknowledgments 307</p>
<p>13.8. Bibliography 307</p>
<p>PART 3. NUMERICAL SIMULATION TECHNIQUES 311</p>
<p>Chapter 14. An Approach to Generate Random Localizations in Lagrangian Numerical Simulations 313<br /> Jacques PETIT</p>
<p>14.1. Introduction 313</p>
<p>14.2. Numerical modeling 314</p>
<p>14.3. Electromagnetic compression and its regular use 318</p>
<p>14.4. Numerical simulations without rupture: copper and nickel samples 321</p>
<p>14.5. Numerical simulations with rupture: TA6V4 samples 323</p>
<p>14.6. Conclusion 328</p>
<p>14.7. Bibliography 330</p>
<p>Chapter 15. X–FEM for the Simulation of Dynamic Crack Propagation 333<br /> Alain COMBESCURE</p>
<p>15.1. Energy conservation when a crack propagates: a key issue 333</p>
<p>15.2. Dynamic crack propagation laws 339</p>
<p>15.3. Experiments interpretation 341</p>
<p>15.4. Bibliography 348</p>
<p>Chapter 16. DEM Model of a Rigid Missile Impact on a Thin Concrete Slab 351<br /> Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric DONZ&Eacute;, Wen–Jie SHIU and Laurent DAUDEVILLE</p>
<p>16.1. Introduction 351</p>
<p>16.2. The DEM model 353</p>
<p>16.3. Modeling of the impact tests 355</p>
<p>16.4. Influence of reinforcement ratio 358</p>
<p>16.5. Influence of the nose shape of missile 361</p>
<p>16.6. Conclusion 365</p>
<p>16.7. Bibliography 365</p>
<p>Chapter 17. The Lattice Discrete Particle Model (LDPM) for the Numerical Simulation of Concrete Behavior Subject to Penetration 369<br /> Gianluca CUSATIS</p>
<p>17.1. Introduction 369</p>
<p>17.2. Review of LDPM formulation 371</p>
<p>17.3. Uniaxial compression strength tests 375</p>
<p>17.4. Three–point bending tests 377</p>
<p>17.5. Multiaxial compression strength tests 378</p>
<p>17.6. Hopkinson bar tests 380</p>
<p>17.7. Penetration through reinforced concrete slabs 382</p>
<p>17.8. Closing remark 384</p>
<p>17.9. Acknowledgments 385</p>
<p>17.10. Bibliography 385</p>
<p>Chapter 18. An Improved Contact Algorithm for Multi–Material Continuum Codes 389<br /> Kenneth C. WALLS and David L. LITTLEFIELD</p>
<p>18.1. Introduction 389</p>
<p>18.2. Background 390</p>
<p>18.3. The contact–impact problem 391</p>
<p>18.4. Formulation 395</p>
<p>18.5. Finite element formulation 398</p>
<p>18.6. Calculations 401</p>
<p>18.7. Discussion 405</p>
<p>18.8. Conclusions 410</p>
<p>18.9. Bibliography 412</p>
<p>Chapter 19. Parallel Computing for Non–linear Concrete Modeling 415<br /> Kent DANIELSON, Mark ADLEY and James O DANIEL</p>
<p>19.1. Introduction 415</p>
<p>19.2. Explicit dynamic finite element analysis 416</p>
<p>19.3. Numerical methodologies 417</p>
<p>19.4. Numerical applications 421</p>
<p>19.5. Concluding remarks 429</p>
<p>19.6. Acknowledgments 430</p>
<p>19.7. Bibliography 431</p>
<p>List of Authors 433</p>
<p>Index 439</p>